Carbonate rocks like limestone (CaCO3) react with dilute acids such as HCl to produce carbon dioxide. Magnesium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce magnesium chloride How many liters of H2 gas at STP are produced when zn react with 125 mL of...In this video we determine the type of chemical reaction for the equation CaCO3 = CaO + CO2 (Calcium carbonate yields Calcium oxide + Carbon dioxide).Since...Limestone (white stone or calcium carbonate) is used in pit latrines (or long drops). The limestone is a base that helps to neutralise the acidic waste. When an acid reacts with a metal carbonate a salt, carbon dioxide and water are formed. Look at the following examplesLimestone is calcium carbonate and like any carbonate, it reacts with acids producing carbon dioxide gas. 3 Limestone, chalk and marble are all forms of calcium carbonate CaCO3. Limestone is a sedimentary rock and most of it (especially chalk) was formed from the remains of tiny sea...Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO2) is a colorless gas with a density about 53% higher than that of dry air. Carbon dioxide molecules consist of a carbon atom covalently double bonded to two oxygen...
Type of Reaction for CaCO3 = CaO + CO2 - YouTube
Classification of reactions (the type of reaction) is based on a variety of observations or concepts. (a) Decomposition: A substance breaks down to smaller species. [e.g. CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g) Decomposition of limestone to calcium oxide (quicklime) and carbon dioxide on heating.]What type of substance reacts with limestone (CaCO3) and produces carbon dioxide gas? A substance is dissolved in water and produces hydronium ions. This occurs when hydrogen ions move from the substance to associate with water molecules.87 percent of all human-produced carbon dioxide emissions come from the burning of fossil fuels like coal, natural gas and oil. The remainder results from the clearing of forests and other land use changes (9%), as well as some industrial processes such as cement manufacturing (4%).4.89 Calcium carbonate (limestone, CaCO3) dissolves in hydrochloric acid, producing water and carbon dioxide as shown in the following Environmental Science (MindTap Course List). Draw the indicated type of formula for the following alkanes. a. The expanded structural formula for a continuo...
Acid-base reactions | Types of reactions | Siyavula
Like all metal carbonates, calcium carbonate reacts with acidic solutions to produce carbon dioxide gas. crushed pure calcitic limestone - CaCO 3. dolomitic limestone - CaMg(CO 3 ) 2. In medicine, antacids containing small amounts of calcium carbonate are used in the treatment of 'acid stomach'.Atmospheric carbon dioxide produces a natural buffer and is the most important buffer system in water If limestone is primary source of both hardness and alkalinity, the concentrations will be similar if carbonate (CaCO3) and, if necessary,magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH)2] (requires raising pH to...Carbon Dioxide and Carbonic Acid. The most common source of acidity in water is dissolved carbon dioxide. Metal carbonates react with acid to produce salt, water, and carbon dioxide gas as seen below The water-gas shift reaction (WGSR) describes the reaction of carbon monoxide and water...Carbon Dioxide and Carbonic Acid-Base Equilibria. Dissolved CO2 in the form of H2CO3 may loose up to two protons through the acid equilibria. Carbonic acid may loose protons to form bicarbonate, HCO3- , and carbonate, CO32-. In this case the proton is liberated to the water, decreasing pH.After the limestone or dolomite is calcined, the CaO produced reacts with CO2 from combustion or gasification, and the CaCO3 formed is then The syngas is fed to a water-gas shift reactor where the carbon monoxide is reacted with steam, and more hydrogen and carbon dioxide are produced.
Jump to navigation Jump to look "CO2" redirects right here. For different uses, see CO2 (disambiguation).
Carbon dioxide Names Other names Carbonic acid gas Carbonic anhydride Carbonic dioxide Carbon(IV) oxide R-744 (refrigerant) R744 (refrigerant alternative spelling) Dry ice (cast section) Identifiers CAS Number 124-38-9 3D fashion (JSmol) Interactive imageInteractive image 3DMet B01131 Beilstein Reference 1900390 ChEBI CHEBI:16526 ChEMBL ChEMBL1231871 ChemSpider 274 ECHA InfoCard 100.004.271 EC Number 204-696-9 E number E290 (preservatives) Gmelin Reference 989 KEGG D00004 MeSH Carbon+dioxide PubChem CID 280 RTECS quantity FF6400000 UNII 142M471B3J UN quantity 1013 (gas), 1845 (forged) CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID4027028 InChI InChI=1S/CO2/c2-1-3 Key: CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N InChI=1/CO2/c2-1-3Key: CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYAO SMILES O=C=OC(=O)=O Properties Chemical system CO2Molar mass 44.009 g·mol−1 Appearance Colorless gas Odor Low concentrations: none High concentrations: sharp; acidic[1] Density 1562 kg/m3(forged at 1 atm (100 okayPa) and −78.5 °C (−109.3 °F)) 1101 kg/m3(liquid at saturation −37 °C (−35 °F)) 1.977 kg/m3(gas at 1 atm (100 okayPa) and 0 °C (32 °F)) Melting level −56.6 °C; −69.8 °F; 216.6 Ok (triple point at 5.1 atm (0.52 MPa)) Critical point (T, P) 31.1 °C (304.2 K), 7.38 MPa (72.8 atm) Sublimationconditions −78.5 °C (−109.3 °F); 194.7 Okay (1 atm (0.10 MPa)) Solubility in water 1.45 g/L at 25 °C (77 °F), 100 okayPa (0.99 atm) Vapor stress 5.73 MPa (56.6 atm) (20 °C (293 Okay)) Acidity (pKa) 6.35, 10.33 Magnetic susceptibility (χ) −20.5·10−6 cm3/mol Thermal conductivity 0.01662 W·m−1·Okay−1 (300 Ok (27 °C; 80 °F))[2]Refractive index (nD) 1.00045 Viscosity 14.Ninety μPa·s at 25 °C (298 K)[3] 70 μPa·s at −78.5 °C (194.7 Ok) Dipole moment 0 D Structure Crystal construction Trigonal Molecular form Linear Thermochemistry Heat capacity (C) 37.135 J/K·mol Std molarentropy (So298) 214 J·mol−1·Ok−1Std enthalpy offormation (ΔfH⦵298) −393.5 kJ·mol−1Pharmacology ATC code V03AN02 (WHO) Hazards Safety information sheet See: data pageSigma-Aldrich NFPA 704 (fireplace diamond) [6][7] 2 0 0SA Lethal dose or focus (LD, LC): LCLo (lowest published) 90,000 ppm (human, 5 min)[5]NIOSH (US well being exposure limits): PEL (Permissible) TWA 5000 ppm (9000 mg/m3)[4]REL (Recommended) TWA 5000 ppm (9000 mg/m3), ST 30,000 ppm (54,000 mg/m3)[4]IDLH (Immediate danger) 40,000 ppm[4]Related compounds Other anions Carbon disulfide Carbon diselenide Carbon ditelluride Other cations Silicon dioxide Germanium dioxide Tin dioxide Lead dioxide Related carbon oxides Carbon monoxide Carbon suboxide Dicarbon monoxide Carbon trioxide Related compounds Carbonic acid Carbonyl sulfide Supplementary information web page Structure andproperties Refractive index (n),Dielectric constant (εr), and many others. Thermodynamicdata Phase behavioursolid–liquid–gas Spectral data UV, IR, NMR, MS Except the place differently noted, data are given for materials in their usual state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 okPa). test (what is ?) Infobox references
Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO2) is a colorless gas with a density about 53% upper than that of dry air. Carbon dioxide molecules consist of a carbon atom covalently double bonded to 2 oxygen atoms. It happens naturally in Earth's environment as a trace gas. The current concentration is set 0.04% (412 ppm) through volume, having risen from pre-industrial levels of 280 ppm.[8] Natural assets come with volcanoes, scorching springs and geysers, and it is freed from carbonate rocks through dissolution in water and acids. Because carbon dioxide is soluble in water, it occurs naturally in groundwater, rivers and lakes, ice caps, glaciers and seawater. It is present in deposits of petroleum and natural gas. Carbon dioxide has a pointy and acidic scent and generates the style of soda water within the mouth.[9] However, at usually encountered concentrations it's odorless.[1]
As the supply of available carbon within the carbon cycle, atmospheric carbon dioxide is the principle carbon supply for existence on Earth and its focus in Earth's pre-industrial setting since late within the Precambrian has been regulated through photosynthetic organisms and geological phenomena. Plants, algae and cyanobacteria use light energy to photosynthesize carbohydrate from carbon dioxide and water, with oxygen produced as a waste product.[10]
CO2 is produced through all cardio organisms once they metabolize natural compounds to produce calories via breathing.[11] It is returned to water by means of the gills of fish and to the air by the use of the lungs of air-breathing land animals, including people. Carbon dioxide is produced right through the processes of decay of organic materials and the fermentation of sugars in bread, beer and wine making. It is produced via combustion of wood, peat and other organic materials and fossil fuels akin to coal, petroleum and herbal gas. It is an undesirable byproduct in lots of huge scale oxidation processes, for instance, within the manufacturing of acrylic acid (over Five million tons/yr).[12][13][14]
It is a versatile business subject material, used, for example, as an inert gas in welding and hearth extinguishers, as a pressurizing gas in air weapons and oil recovery, as a chemical feedstock and as a supercritical fluid solvent in decaffeination of coffee and supercritical drying.[15] It is added to consuming water and carbonated drinks including beer and sparkling wine so as to add effervescence. The frozen solid form of CO2, known as dry ice is used as a refrigerant and as an abrasive in dry-ice blasting. It is a feedstock for the synthesis of fuels and chemical substances.[16][17][18][19]
Carbon dioxide is probably the most important long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere. Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – basically from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have all of a sudden higher its concentration in the setting, leading to international warming. Carbon dioxide also reasons ocean acidification as it dissolves in water to shape carbonic acid.[20]
History
Crystal structure of dry iceCarbon dioxide used to be the first gas to be described as a discrete substance. In about 1640,[21] the Flemish chemist Jan Baptist van Helmont seen that when he burned charcoal in a closed vessel, the mass of the resulting ash was a lot less than that of the original charcoal. His interpretation used to be that the remainder of the charcoal were transmuted into an invisible substance he termed a "gas" or "wild spirit" (spiritus sylvestris).[22]
The houses of carbon dioxide had been additional studied within the 1750s by means of the Scottish doctor Joseph Black. He discovered that limestone (calcium carbonate) might be heated or treated with acids to yield a gas he referred to as "fixed air." He observed that the fastened air used to be denser than air and supported neither flame nor animal life. Black additionally found that when bubbled via limewater (a saturated aqueous answer of calcium hydroxide), it would precipitate calcium carbonate. He used this phenomenon for instance that carbon dioxide is produced by way of animal respiration and microbial fermentation. In 1772, English chemist Joseph Priestley revealed a paper entitled Impregnating Water with Fixed Air during which he described a process of dripping sulfuric acid (or oil of vitriol as Priestley knew it) on chalk in an effort to produce carbon dioxide, and forcing the gas to dissolve by means of agitating a bowl of water in touch with the gas.[23]
Carbon dioxide was once first liquefied (at elevated pressures) in 1823 by means of Humphry Davy and Michael Faraday.[24] The earliest description of solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) used to be given by way of the French inventor Adrien-Jean-Pierre Thilorier, who in 1835 opened a pressurized container of liquid carbon dioxide, only to find that the cooling produced through the rapid evaporation of the liquid yielded a "snow" of forged CO2.[25][26]
Chemical and physical homes
Structure and bonding See additionally: Molecular orbital diagram § Carbon dioxideThe carbon dioxide molecule is linear and centrosymmetric at equilibrium. The carbon–oxygen bond duration is 116.3 pm, noticeably shorter than the bond period of a C–O single bond and even shorter than most different C–O multiply-bonded useful teams.[27] Since it's centrosymmetric, the molecule has no electric dipole.
Stretching and bending oscillations of the CO2 carbon dioxide molecule. Upper left: symmetric stretching. Upper correct: antisymmetric stretching. Lower line: degenerate pair of bending modes.As a linear triatomic molecule, CO2 has 4 vibrational modes as proven within the diagram. However, the symmetric stretching mode does now not create a dipole and so isn't observed within the IR spectrum. The two bending modes are degenerate, meaning that they correspond to only one frequency. Consequently, only two vibrational bands are noticed within the IR spectrum – an antisymmetric stretching mode at wavenumber 2349 cm−1 (wavelength 4.25 μm) and a degenerate pair of bending modes at 667 cm−1 (wavelength 15 μm). There could also be a symmetric stretching mode at 1388 cm−1 which is most effective seen in the Raman spectrum.[28]
As a result of the two bending modes, the molecule is best strictly linear when the amount of bending is 0. It has been proven each via theory[29] and via Coulomb explosion imaging experiments[30] that this is by no means in reality true for each modes at once. In a gas phase sample of carbon dioxide, none of the molecules are linear because of this of the vibrational motions. However, the molecular geometry remains to be described as linear, which describes the average atomic positions akin to minimal possible energy. This is also true for different "linear" molecules.
In aqueous answer See additionally: Carbonic acidCarbon dioxide is soluble in water, through which it reversibly paperwork H2CO3 (carbonic acid), which is a weak acid since its ionization in water is incomplete.
CO2 + H2O ⇌ H2CO3The hydration equilibrium constant of carbonic acid is Kh=[H2CO3][CO2(aq)]=1.70×10−3\displaystyle K_\mathrm h =\frac \rm [H_2CO_3]\rm [CO_2(aq)]=1.70\times 10^-3 (at 25 °C). Hence, the bulk of the carbon dioxide isn't converted into carbonic acid, but remains as CO2 molecules, not affecting the pH.
The relative concentrations of CO2, H2CO3, and the deprotonated forms HCO−3 (bicarbonate) and CO2−3(carbonate) rely at the pH. As shown in a Bjerrum plot, in neutral or reasonably alkaline water (pH > 6.5), the bicarbonate form predominates (>50%) turning into essentially the most prevalent (>95%) at the pH of seawater. In very alkaline water (pH > 10.4), the major (>50%) shape is carbonate. The oceans, being mildly alkaline with standard pH = 8.2–8.5, comprise about 120 mg of bicarbonate in keeping with liter.
Being diprotic, carbonic acid has two acid dissociation constants, the primary one for the dissociation into the bicarbonate (also known as hydrogen carbonate) ion (HCO3−):
H2CO3 ⇌ HCO3− + H+ Ka1 = 2.5×10−4 mol/L; pKa1 = 3.6 at 25 °C.[27]This is the actual first acid dissociation consistent, defined as Ka1=[HCO3−][H+][H2CO3]\displaystyle K_a1=\frac \rm [HCO_3^-][H^+]\rm [H_2CO_3], the place the denominator contains most effective covalently sure H2CO3 and does no longer come with hydrated CO2(aq). The much smaller and often-quoted value near 4.16×10−7 is an obvious worth calculated on the (wrong) assumption that every one dissolved CO2 is provide as carbonic acid, so that Ka1(obvious)=[HCO3−][H+][H2CO3]+[CO2(aq)]\displaystyle K_\mathrm a1 \rm (apparent)=\frac \rm [HCO_3^-][H^+]\rm [H_2CO_3]+[CO_2(aq)]. Since most of the dissolved CO2 stays as CO2 molecules, Ka1(apparent) has a miles better denominator and a way smaller worth than the actual Ka1.[31]
The bicarbonate ion is an amphoteric species that can act as an acid or as a base, depending on pH of the solution. At high pH, it dissociates significantly into the carbonate ion (CO32−):
HCO3− ⇌ CO32− + H+ Ka2 = 4.69×10−11 mol/L; pKa2 = 10.329In organisms carbonic acid manufacturing is catalysed via the enzyme, carbonic anhydrase.
Chemical reactions of CO2CO2 is a potent electrophile having an electrophilic reactivity this is related to benzaldehyde or strong α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds. However, in contrast to electrophiles of an identical reactivity, the reactions of nucleophiles with CO2 are thermodynamically much less liked and are often found to be highly reversible.[32] Only very sturdy nucleophiles, just like the carbanions provided by means of Grignard reagents and organolithium compounds react with CO2 to present carboxylates:
MR + CO2 → RCO2M the place M = Li or Mg Br and R = alkyl or aryl.In steel carbon dioxide complexes, CO2 serves as a ligand, which will facilitate the conversion of CO2 to other chemical compounds.[33]
The reduction of CO2 to CO is ordinarily a difficult and sluggish reaction:
CO2 + 2 e− + 2H+ → CO + H2OPhotoautotrophs (i.e. plants and cyanobacteria) use the energy contained in daylight to photosynthesize easy sugars from CO2 absorbed from the air and water:
n CO2 + n H2O → (CH2O)n + n O2The redox doable for this reaction close to pH 7 is ready −0.Fifty three V versus the usual hydrogen electrode. The nickel-containing enzyme carbon monoxide dehydrogenase catalyses this procedure.[34]
Physical properties Further data: Carbon dioxide data Pellets of "dry ice", a commonplace shape of cast carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide is colorless. At low concentrations the gas is odorless; on the other hand, at sufficiently-high concentrations, it has a pointy, acidic scent.[1] At standard temperature and strain, the density of carbon dioxide is around 1.98 kg/m3, about 1.53 occasions that of air.[35]
Carbon dioxide has no liquid state at pressures under 5.1 same old atmospheres (520 okPa). At 1 environment (near imply sea point strain), the gas deposits without delay to a cast at temperatures beneath −78.5 °C (−109.3 °F; 194.7 Okay) and the solid sublimes immediately to a gas above −78.5 °C. In its solid state, carbon dioxide is recurrently known as dry ice.
Pressure–temperature phase diagram of carbon dioxideLiquid carbon dioxide paperwork best at pressures above 5.1 atm; the triple point of carbon dioxide is ready 5.1 bar (517 okPa) at 217 K (see section diagram). The crucial level is 7.38 MPa at 31.1 °C.[36][37] Another form of cast carbon dioxide seen at excessive pressure is an amorphous glass-like cast.[38] This shape of glass, referred to as carbonia, is produced via supercooling heated CO2 at excessive stress (40–48 GPa or about 400,000 atmospheres) in a diamond anvil. This discovery confirmed the speculation that carbon dioxide may exist in a pitcher state very similar to other individuals of its elemental circle of relatives, like silicon (silica glass) and germanium dioxide. Unlike silica and germania glasses, however, carbonia glass isn't solid at standard pressures and reverts to gas when stress is released.
At temperatures and pressures above the important point, carbon dioxide behaves as a supercritical fluid known as supercritical carbon dioxide.
Isolation and manufacturing
Carbon dioxide can be acquired via distillation from air, however the method is inefficient. Industrially, carbon dioxide is predominantly an unrecovered waste product, produced by way of a number of strategies which may be practiced at more than a few scales.[39]
The combustion of all carbon-based fuels, such as methane (herbal gas), petroleum distillates (gas, diesel, kerosene, propane), coal, wooden and generic organic topic produces carbon dioxide and, aside from in the case of natural carbon, water. As an example, the chemical reaction between methane and oxygen:
CH4 + 2 O2 → CO2 + 2 H2OIt is produced through thermal decomposition of limestone, CaCO3 via heating (calcining) at about 850 °C (1,560 °F), in the manufacture of quicklime (calcium oxide, CaO), a compound that has many industrial makes use of:
CaCO3 → CaO + CO2Iron is reduced from its oxides with coke in a blast furnace, producing pig iron and carbon dioxide:[40]
Carbon dioxide is a byproduct of the industrial production of hydrogen by way of steam reforming and the water gas shift reaction in ammonia manufacturing. These processes start with the response of water and herbal gas (mainly methane).[41] This is a significant supply of food-grade carbon dioxide for use in carbonation of beer and soft beverages, and could also be used for surprising animals similar to poultry. In the summer of 2018 a scarcity of carbon dioxide for these functions arose in Europe due to the brief shut-down of several ammonia plants for upkeep.[42]
Acids release CO2 from most metal carbonates. Consequently, it may be acquired immediately from herbal carbon dioxide springs, the place it's produced by means of the action of acidified water on limestone or dolomite. The reaction between hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate (limestone or chalk) is proven below:
CaCO3 + 2 HCl → CaCl2 + H2CO3The carbonic acid (H2CO3) then decomposes to water and CO2:
H2CO3 → CO2 + H2OSuch reactions are accompanied by means of foaming or effervescent, or both, because the gas is launched. They have fashionable uses in trade because they are able to be used to neutralize waste acid streams.
Carbon dioxide is a derivative of the fermentation of sugar within the brewing of beer, whisky and different alcoholic drinks and within the production of bioethanol. Yeast metabolizes sugar to supply CO2 and ethanol, sometimes called alcohol, as follows:
C6H12O6 → 2 CO2 + 2 C2H5OHAll cardio organisms produce CO2 once they oxidize carbohydrates, fatty acids, and proteins. The large quantity of reactions involved are exceedingly advanced and now not described easily. Refer to (mobile respiratory, anaerobic respiration and photosynthesis). The equation for the respiratory of glucose and different monosaccharides is:
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2OAnaerobic organisms decompose natural subject matter generating methane and carbon dioxide together with traces of other compounds.[43] Regardless of the type of natural material, the production of gases follows well outlined kinetic pattern. Carbon dioxide accommodates about 40–45% of the gas that emanates from decomposition in landfills (termed "landfill gas"). Most of the remainder 50–55% is methane.[44]
Applications
Carbon dioxide is used by the food business, the oil trade, and the chemical industry.[39] The compound has various business uses but one of its greatest uses as a chemical is in the manufacturing of carbonated beverages; it supplies the flicker in carbonated drinks reminiscent of soda water, beer and sparkling wine.
Precursor to chemical substancesIn the chemical trade, carbon dioxide is principally ate up as an aspect within the production of urea, with a smaller fraction getting used to produce methanol and a spread of other merchandise.[45] Some carboxylic acid derivatives corresponding to sodium salicylate are prepared the usage of CO2 via the Kolbe-Schmitt response.[46]
In addition to conventional processes the use of CO2 for chemical manufacturing, electrochemical methods are also being explored at a analysis point. In explicit, the use of renewable energy for manufacturing of fuels from CO2 (akin to methanol) is attractive as this could lead to fuels that may be easily transported and used inside standard combustion applied sciences however have no net CO2 emissions.[47]
Foods Carbon dioxide bubbles in a comfortable drink.Carbon dioxide is a food additive used as a propellant and acidity regulator in the meals business. It is authorized for usage in the EU[48] (listed as E number E290), US[49] and Australia and New Zealand[50] (listed by way of its INS quantity 290).
A candy referred to as Pop Rocks is pressurized with carbon dioxide gas[51] at about 4,000 okayPa (40 bar; 580 psi). When placed within the mouth, it dissolves (identical to different onerous sweet) and releases the gas bubbles with an audible pop.
Leavening brokers reason dough to upward thrust through producing carbon dioxide.[52]Baker's yeast produces carbon dioxide by way of fermentation of sugars within the dough, whilst chemical leaveners such as baking powder and baking soda free up carbon dioxide when heated or if exposed to acids.
BeveragesCarbon dioxide is used to produce carbonated soft beverages and soda water. Traditionally, the carbonation of beer and sparkling wine happened thru natural fermentation, however many makers carbonate those drinks with carbon dioxide recovered from the fermentation process. In the case of bottled and kegged beer, the commonest method used is carbonation with recycled carbon dioxide. With the exception of British real ale, draught beer is in most cases transferred from kegs in a chilly room or cellar to dishing out faucets on the bar using pressurized carbon dioxide, from time to time combined with nitrogen.
The taste of soda water (and related taste sensations in other carbonated beverages) is an impact of the dissolved carbon dioxide somewhat than the bursting bubbles of the gas. Carbonic anhydrase Four converts to carbonic acid resulting in a bitter taste, and also the dissolved carbon dioxide induces a somatosensory response.[53]
Winemaking Dry ice used to maintain grapes after harvest.Carbon dioxide within the shape of dry ice is often used during the chilly soak segment in winemaking to cool clusters of grapes quickly after choosing to help prevent spontaneous fermentation through wild yeast. The primary merit of using dry ice over water ice is that it cools the grapes with out adding any further water that might decrease the sugar concentration within the grape must, and thus the alcohol focus in the completed wine. Carbon dioxide could also be used to create a hypoxic surroundings for carbonic maceration, the method used to supply Beaujolais wine.
Carbon dioxide is now and again used to top up wine bottles or different garage vessels akin to barrels to stop oxidation, despite the fact that it has the problem that it could possibly dissolve into the wine, making a in the past still wine rather fizzy. For this reason why, different gases similar to nitrogen or argon are preferred for this procedure by means of professional wine makers.
Stunning animalsCarbon dioxide is often used to "stun" animals ahead of slaughter.[54] "Stunning" may be a misnomer, as the animals don't seem to be knocked out straight away and might undergo misery.[55][56]
Inert gasIt is one of probably the most regularly used compressed gases for pneumatic (pressurized gas) programs in portable strain equipment. Carbon dioxide could also be used as an atmosphere for welding, even supposing in the welding arc, it reacts to oxidize maximum metals. Use in the automotive business is commonplace regardless of significant evidence that welds made in carbon dioxide are extra brittle than the ones made in more inert atmospheres. When used for MIG welding, CO2 use is on occasion known as MAG welding, for Metal Active Gas, as CO2 can react at these excessive temperatures. It has a tendency to produce a warmer puddle than truly inert atmospheres, making improvements to the float characteristics. Although, this may be because of atmospheric reactions going on at the puddle web site. This is in most cases the opposite of the specified effect when welding, as it has a tendency to embrittle the web page, but will not be a problem for normal mild metal welding, the place ultimate ductility isn't a major worry.
It is utilized in many shopper products that require pressurized gas because it's reasonably priced and nonflammable, and as it undergoes a segment transition from gas to liquid at room temperature at an possible pressure of roughly 60 bar (870 psi; 59 atm), permitting far more carbon dioxide to fit in a given container than otherwise would. Life jackets usally include canisters of burdened carbon dioxide for fast inflation. Aluminium pills of CO2 are also offered as supplies of compressed gas for air weapons, paintball markers/weapons, inflating bicycle tires, and for making carbonated water. High concentrations of carbon dioxide can be used to kill pests. Liquid carbon dioxide is utilized in supercritical drying of some meals merchandise and technological fabrics, in the preparation of specimens for scanning electron microscopy[57] and within the decaffeination of espresso beans.
Fire extinguisher Use of a CO2 fireplace extinguisher.Carbon dioxide can be utilized to extinguish flames via flooding the surroundings across the flame with the gas. It does now not itself react to extinguish the flame, however starves the flame of oxygen via displacing it. Some fireplace extinguishers, especially those designed for electric fires, comprise liquid carbon dioxide under stress. Carbon dioxide extinguishers paintings well on small flammable liquid and electric fires, however not on bizarre flamable fires, as a result of even supposing it excludes oxygen, it does now not cool the burning substances significantly and when the carbon dioxide disperses they are unfastened to catch fire upon publicity to atmospheric oxygen. Their desirability in electrical fire stems from the truth that, in contrast to water or other chemical based methods, Carbon dioxide won't motive short circuits, resulting in even more damage to apparatus. Because this can be a gas, additionally it is easy to dispense huge quantities of the gas automatically in IT infrastructure rooms, where the fireplace itself might be arduous to succeed in with extra speedy methods as a result of it is in the back of rack doors and inside of circumstances. Carbon dioxide has also been widely used as an extinguishing agent in fastened fireplace coverage systems for local software of specific hazards and general flooding of a secure area.[58]International Maritime Organization standards also recognize carbon dioxide programs for hearth coverage of send holds and engine rooms. Carbon dioxide based fireplace coverage programs had been connected to a number of deaths, because it might probably purpose suffocation in sufficiently excessive concentrations. A evaluation of CO2 systems recognized 51 incidents between 1975 and the date of the record (2000), inflicting Seventy two deaths and 145 injuries.[59]
Supercritical CO2 as solvent See also: Supercritical carbon dioxideLiquid carbon dioxide is a great solvent for lots of lipophilic organic compounds and is used to remove caffeine from coffee.[15] Carbon dioxide has attracted consideration in the pharmaceutical and different chemical processing industries as a less poisonous alternative to more conventional solvents similar to organochlorides. It could also be utilized by some dry cleaners because of this (see inexperienced chemistry). It is used within the preparation of some aerogels as a result of of the homes of supercritical carbon dioxide.
AgriculturePlants require carbon dioxide to behavior photosynthesis. The atmospheres of greenhouses would possibly (if of massive size, should) be enriched with further CO2 to maintain and increase the velocity of plant growth.[60][61] At very excessive concentrations (A hundred instances atmospheric focus, or better), carbon dioxide will also be toxic to animal life, so elevating the concentration to 10,000 ppm (1%) or higher for a number of hours will get rid of pests such as whiteflies and spider mites in a greenhouse.[62]
Medical and pharmacological usesIn medicine, up to 5% carbon dioxide (A hundred thirty times atmospheric concentration) is added to oxygen for stimulation of respiratory after apnea and to stabilize the O2/CO2 stability in blood.
Carbon dioxide will also be mixed with up to 50% oxygen, forming an inhalable gas; this is known as Carbogen and has a variety of scientific and research uses.
Energy Fossil fuel restorationCarbon dioxide is utilized in enhanced oil restoration the place it's injected into or adjoining to producing oil wells, most often under supercritical stipulations, when it turns into miscible with the oil. This approach can build up original oil restoration by way of reducing residual oil saturation by way of between 7% to 23% further to number one extraction.[63] It acts as each a pressurizing agent and, when dissolved into the underground crude oil, considerably reduces its viscosity, and converting surface chemistry enabling the oil to drift more swiftly throughout the reservoir to the removing smartly.[64] In mature oil fields, in depth pipe networks are used to hold the carbon dioxide to the injection points.
In enhanced coal bed methane recovery, carbon dioxide would be pumped into the coal seam to displace methane, as opposed to present strategies which primarily depend at the removing of water (to cut back stress) to make the coal seam unencumber its trapped methane.[65]
Bio transformation into fuel Main article: Carbon seize and utilizationIt has been proposed that CO2 from energy generation be bubbled into ponds to stimulate enlargement of algae that could then be transformed into biodiesel gas.[66] A pressure of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus has been genetically engineered to supply the fuels isobutyraldehyde and isobutanol from CO2 the usage of photosynthesis.[67]
Refrigerant See additionally: refrigerant Comparison of segment diagrams of carbon dioxide (pink) and water (blue) as a log-lin chart with section transitions points at 1 environmentLiquid and solid carbon dioxide are important refrigerants, especially within the food business, the place they are employed all through the transportation and storage of ice cream and other frozen meals. Solid carbon dioxide is called "dry ice" and is used for small shipments where refrigeration equipment is not practical. Solid carbon dioxide is at all times below −78.5 °C (−109.3 °F) at regular atmospheric pressure, regardless of the air temperature.
Liquid carbon dioxide (industry nomenclature R744 or R-744) used to be used as a refrigerant prior to the discovery of R-12 and would possibly experience a renaissance because of the fact that R134a contributes to climate change more than CO2 does. Its bodily homes are highly favorable for cooling, refrigeration, and heating functions, having a excessive volumetric cooling capability. Due to the wish to operate at pressures of up to One hundred thirty bars (1,900 psi; 13,000 kPa), CO2 programs require extremely resistant elements that have already been developed for mass production in many sectors. In automobile air conditioning, in more than 90% of all using prerequisites for latitudes upper than 50°, R744 operates more successfully than programs the usage of R134a. Its environmental benefits (GWP of 1, non-ozone depleting, non-toxic, non-flammable) could make it the long run running fluid to switch current HFCs in automobiles, supermarkets, and warmth pump water warmers, among others. Coca-Cola has fielded CO2-based beverage coolers and the U.S. Army is fascinated with CO2 refrigeration and heating generation.[68][69]
The world car business is predicted to make a decision on the next-generation refrigerant in car air-con. CO2 is one mentioned possibility.(see Sustainable car air-con)
Minor uses A carbon dioxide laser.Carbon dioxide is the lasing medium in a carbon dioxide laser, which is one of the earliest type of lasers.
Carbon dioxide can be used as a way of controlling the pH of swimming pools,[70] through continuously including gas to the water, thus preserving the pH from emerging. Among the benefits of this is the avoidance of dealing with (more hazardous) acids. Similarly, it is also used within the keeping up reef aquaria, where it is repeatedly utilized in calcium reactors to quickly lower the pH of water being passed over calcium carbonate in an effort to allow the calcium carbonate to dissolve into the water extra freely where it's utilized by some corals to construct their skeleton.
Used as the principle coolant within the British complicated gas-cooled reactor for nuclear power era.
Carbon dioxide induction is commonly used for the euthanasia of laboratory research animals. Methods to administer CO2 come with putting animals without delay right into a closed, prefilled chamber containing CO2, or publicity to a regularly expanding concentration of CO2. In 2013, the American Veterinary Medical Association issued new tips for carbon dioxide induction, mentioning that a displacement price of 30% to 70% of the gas chamber volume per minute is optimal for the humane euthanization of small rodents.[71] However, there may be opposition to the observe of using carbon dioxide for this, at the grounds that it's merciless.[56]
Carbon dioxide could also be used in a number of comparable cleansing and surface preparation tactics.
In Earth's surroundings
Main articles: Carbon dioxide in Earth's surroundings and Carbon cycle Keeling Curve of the atmospheric CO2 focus.[72] Atmospheric CO2 annual enlargement rose 300% for the reason that Nineteen Sixties.[73]Carbon dioxide in Earth's environment is a trace gas, having a global reasonable concentration of 415 portions in keeping with million by way of volume (or 630 parts in step with million by mass) as of the end of year 2020.[74][75] Atmospheric CO2 concentrations fluctuate rather with the seasons, falling all through the Northern Hemisphere spring and summer time as vegetation devour the gas and emerging all through northern autumn and iciness as vegetation move dormant or die and decay. Concentrations additionally range on a regional basis, most strongly near the ground with much smaller permutations aloft. In urban spaces concentrations are in most cases upper[76] and indoors they are able to reach 10 instances background levels.
The focus of carbon dioxide has risen because of human actions.[77] The extraction and burning of fossil fuels, using carbon that has been sequestered for plenty of tens of millions of years in the lithosphere, has brought about the atmospheric focus of CO2 to extend via about 50% for the reason that starting of the age of industrialization up to 12 months 2020.[78][79] Most CO2 from human activities is released from burning coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Other large anthropogenic sources include cement production, deforestation, and biomass burning. Human activities emit over 30 billion heaps of CO2 (9 billion lots of fossil carbon) consistent with 12 months, while volcanoes emit most effective between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons of CO2.[80][81] Human activities have caused CO2 to increase above ranges no longer observed in masses of hundreds of years. Currently, about part of the carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels stays within the atmosphere and isn't absorbed by means of crops and the oceans.[82][83][84][85]
Annual CO2 flows from anthropogenic sources (left) into Earth's atmosphere, land, and ocean sinks (appropriate) because the Nineteen Sixties. Units in equivalent gigatonnes carbon consistent with 12 months.[79]While clear to visible gentle, carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, absorbing and emitting infrared radiation at its two infrared-active vibrational frequencies (see the phase "Structure and bonding" above). Light emission from the earth's floor is most intense within the infrared area between 200 and 2500 cm−1,[86] versus light emission from the a lot hotter sun which is maximum intense in the visible region. Absorption of infrared gentle on the vibrational frequencies of atmospheric CO2 traps energy near the surface, warming the surface and the decrease atmosphere. Less energy reaches the upper surroundings, which is subsequently cooler because of this absorption.[87] Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO2 and different long-lived greenhouse gases similar to methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly reinforced their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the upward thrust in moderate global temperature because the mid-Twentieth century. Carbon dioxide is of biggest worry as it exerts a larger general warming influence than all of these other gases blended.[78] It moreover has an atmospheric lifetime that will increase with the cumulative amount of fossil carbon extracted and burned, because of the imbalance that this task has imposed on Earth's fast carbon cycle.[88] This means that some fraction (a projected 20-35%) of the fossil carbon transferred so far will in-effect persist within the atmosphere as elevated CO2 ranges for plenty of 1000's of years after these carbon transfer actions begin to subside.[89][90][91]
CO2 in Earth's atmosphere if part of global-warming emissions don't seem to be absorbed.[82][83][84][85](NASA pc simulation).Not best do increasing CO2 concentrations lead to will increase in world floor temperature, however increasing global temperatures also purpose expanding concentrations of carbon dioxide. This produces a positive feedback for adjustments induced by way of other processes reminiscent of orbital cycles.[92] Five hundred million years in the past the CO2 focus used to be 20 occasions more than nowadays, decreasing to 4–Five times all over the Jurassic length and then slowly declining with a in particular swift aid happening 49 million years ago.[93][94]
Local concentrations of carbon dioxide can reach high values close to strong resources, particularly those which can be isolated by surrounding terrain. At the Bossoleto scorching spring close to Rapolano Terme in Tuscany, Italy, situated in a bowl-shaped despair about 100 m (330 ft) in diameter, concentrations of CO2 upward thrust to above 75% overnight, sufficient to kill bugs and small animals. After dawn the gas is dispersed by convection.[95] High concentrations of CO2 produced via disturbance of deep lake water saturated with CO2 are concept to have led to 37 fatalities at Lake Monoun, Cameroon in 1984 and 1700 casualties at Lake Nyos, Cameroon in 1986.[96]
In the oceans
Main article: Carbon cycle Pterapod shell dissolved in seawater adjusted to an ocean chemistry projected for the 12 months 2100.Carbon dioxide dissolves in the ocean to shape carbonic acid (H2CO3), bicarbonate (HCO3−) and carbonate (CO32−). There is ready fifty times as much carbon dioxide dissolved within the oceans as exists in the environment. The oceans act as a huge carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO2 emitted by way of human job.[97]
As the focus of carbon dioxide will increase in the setting, the larger uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable lower in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification. This relief in pH affects biological methods in the oceans, essentially oceanic calcifying organisms. These results span the food chain from autotrophs to heterotrophs and come with organisms corresponding to coccolithophores, corals, foraminifera, echinoderms, crustaceans and mollusks. Under standard stipulations, calcium carbonate is stable in floor waters since the carbonate ion is at supersaturating concentrations. However, as ocean pH falls, so does the focus of this ion, and when carbonate turns into undersaturated, structures made of calcium carbonate are susceptible to dissolution.[98] Corals,[99][100][101] coccolithophore algae,[102][103][104][105] coralline algae,[106] foraminifera,[107]shellfish[108] and pteropods[109] enjoy diminished calcification or enhanced dissolution when uncovered to increased CO2.
Gas solubility decreases because the temperature of water increases (excluding when each stress exceeds 300 bar and temperature exceeds 393 Ok, handiest found close to deep geothermal vents)[110] and therefore the speed of uptake from the atmosphere decreases as ocean temperatures upward push.
Most of the CO2 taken up via the sea, which is about 30% of the full released into the atmosphere,[111] forms carbonic acid in equilibrium with bicarbonate. Some of these chemical species are fed on via photosynthetic organisms that remove carbon from the cycle. Increased CO2 in the surroundings has resulted in lowering alkalinity of seawater, and there is worry that this may increasingly adversely impact organisms dwelling in the water. In explicit, with lowering alkalinity, the supply of carbonates for forming shells decreases,[112] even if there is proof of increased shell manufacturing by sure species below larger CO2 content.[113]
NOAA states in their May 2008 "State of the science fact sheet for ocean acidification" that: "The oceans have absorbed about 50% of the carbon dioxide (CO2) released from the burning of fossil fuels, resulting in chemical reactions that lower ocean pH. This has caused an increase in hydrogen ion (acidity) of about 30% since the start of the industrial age through a process known as "ocean acidification." A growing quantity of research have demonstrated antagonistic affects on marine organisms, together with:
The fee at which reef-building corals produce their skeletons decreases, whilst manufacturing of a large number of varieties of jellyfish will increase. The ability of marine algae and free-swimming zooplankton to maintain protecting shells is diminished. The survival of larval marine species, including business fish and shellfish, is decreased."Also, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) writes in their Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report:[114] "The uptake of anthropogenic carbon since 1750 has led to the ocean becoming more acidic with an average decrease in pH of 0.1 units. Increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations lead to further acidification ... While the effects of observed ocean acidification on the marine biosphere are as yet undocumented, the progressive acidification of oceans is expected to have negative impacts on marine shell-forming organisms (e.g. corals) and their dependent species."
Some marine calcifying organisms (together with coral reefs) were singled out by means of primary research companies, including NOAA, OSPAR commission, NANOOS and the IPCC, because their most current research shows that ocean acidification will have to be expected to have an effect on them negatively.[115]
Carbon dioxide could also be presented into the oceans thru hydrothermal vents. The Champagne hydrothermal vent, found at the Northwest Eifuku volcano within the Marianas Trench, produces nearly natural liquid carbon dioxide, one of only two recognized sites on the earth as of 2004, the other being within the Okinawa Trough.[116] The discovering of a submarine lake of liquid carbon dioxide in the Okinawa Trough was once reported in 2006.[117]
Biological function
Carbon dioxide is an finish product of mobile breathing in organisms that download calories by way of breaking down sugars, fats and amino acids with oxygen as phase of their metabolism. This comprises all vegetation, algae and animals and cardio fungi and micro organism. In vertebrates, the carbon dioxide travels in the blood from the body's tissues to the surface (e.g., amphibians) or the gills (e.g., fish), from where it dissolves in the water, or to the lungs from where it's exhaled. During energetic photosynthesis, crops can soak up extra carbon dioxide from the ambience than they free up in respiratory.
Photosynthesis and carbon fixation Overview of photosynthesis and breathing. Carbon dioxide (at right), in combination with water, form oxygen and organic compounds (at left) by way of photosynthesis, which will also be respired to water and (CO2). Overview of the Calvin cycle and carbon fixationCarbon fixation is a biochemical procedure during which atmospheric carbon dioxide is integrated by means of vegetation, algae and (cyanobacteria) into energy-rich organic molecules reminiscent of glucose, thus developing their own meals by photosynthesis. Photosynthesis makes use of carbon dioxide and water to produce sugars from which other natural compounds will also be constructed, and oxygen is produced as a by-product.
Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase, regularly abbreviated to RuBisCO, is the enzyme concerned within the first major step of carbon fixation, the production of two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate from CO2 and ribulose bisphosphate, as proven within the diagram at left.
RuBisCO is considered the only most considerable protein on Earth.[118]
Phototrophs use the products of their photosynthesis as internal meals resources and as raw subject matter for the biosynthesis of extra complex organic molecules, equivalent to polysaccharides, nucleic acids and proteins. These are used for their very own enlargement, and additionally as the foundation of the food chains and webs that feed other organisms, including animals akin to ourselves. Some important phototrophs, the coccolithophores synthesise exhausting calcium carbonate scales.[119] A globally significant species of coccolithophore is Emiliania huxleyi whose calcite scales have shaped the root of many sedimentary rocks similar to limestone, where what was once prior to now atmospheric carbon can remain fastened for geological timescales.
Plants can develop up to 50 p.c faster in concentrations of 1,000 ppm CO2 when put next with ambient stipulations, regardless that this assumes no change in climate and no limitation on different vitamins.[120] Elevated CO2 levels reason increased enlargement reflected in the harvestable yield of vegetation, with wheat, rice and soybean all showing increases in yield of 12–14% underneath increased CO2 in FACE experiments.[121][122]
Increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations lead to fewer stomata developing on vegetation[123] which leads to reduced water utilization and larger water-use potency.[124] Studies the usage of FACE have proven that CO2 enrichment results in reduced concentrations of micronutrients in crop crops.[125] This may have knock-on results on other portions of ecosystems as herbivores will wish to devour extra meals to realize the same quantity of protein.[126]
The concentration of secondary metabolites akin to phenylpropanoids and flavonoids can also be altered in vegetation exposed to excessive concentrations of CO2.[127][128]
Plants also emit CO2 during breathing, and so the majority of crops and algae, which use C3 photosynthesis, are best web absorbers during the day. Though a growing wooded area will soak up many tons of CO2 each yr, a mature woodland will produce as much CO2 from respiration and decomposition of dead specimens (e.g., fallen branches) as is used in photosynthesis in growing vegetation.[129] Contrary to the long-standing view that they're carbon impartial, mature forests can proceed to acquire carbon[130] and remain treasured carbon sinks, serving to to deal with the carbon balance of Earth's atmosphere. Additionally, and crucially to lifestyles on earth, photosynthesis by means of phytoplankton consumes dissolved CO2 in the higher ocean and thereby promotes the absorption of CO2 from the atmosphere.[131]
Toxicity See additionally: Carbon dioxide poisoning Main signs of carbon dioxide toxicity, via expanding volume % in air.[132]Carbon dioxide content in contemporary air (averaged between sea-level and 10 okayPa level, i.e., about 30 km (19 mi) altitude) varies between 0.036% (360 ppm) and 0.041% (412 ppm), depending on the location.[133]
CO2 is an asphyxiant gas and now not categorized as toxic or destructive according with Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals requirements of United Nations Economic Commission for Europe through using the OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals. In concentrations as much as 1% (10,000 ppm), it will make some other people feel drowsy and give the lungs a stuffy feeling.[132] Concentrations of 7% to ten% (70,000 to 100,000 ppm) might cause suffocation, even in the presence of enough oxygen, manifesting as dizziness, headache, visible and listening to dysfunction, and unconsciousness inside of a couple of minutes to an hour.[134] The physiological effects of acute carbon dioxide exposure are grouped together beneath the time period hypercapnia, a subset of asphyxiation.
Because it is heavier than air, in places where the gas seeps from the ground (because of sub-surface volcanic or geothermal process) in slightly excessive concentrations, without the dispersing effects of wind, it will probably gather in sheltered/pocketed places underneath average ground level, causing animals positioned therein to be suffocated. Carrion feeders interested in the carcasses are then additionally killed. Children have been killed in the same manner close to the city of Goma by means of CO2 emissions from the within reach volcano Mt. Nyiragongo.[135] The Swahili time period for this phenomenon is 'mazuku'.
Rising levels of CO2 threatened the Apollo 13 astronauts who had to adapt cartridges from the command module to offer the carbon dioxide scrubber within the lunar module, which they used as a lifeboat.Adaptation to greater concentrations of CO2 occurs in humans, including changed respiratory and kidney bicarbonate production, in an effort to stability the effects of blood acidification (acidosis). Several research suggested that 2.0 percent impressed concentrations may well be used for closed air spaces (e.g. a submarine) since the adaptation is physiological and reversible, as deterioration in efficiency or in normal bodily activity does not occur at this point of publicity for five days.[136][137] Yet, other research show a decrease in cognitive function even at much decrease ranges.[138][139] Also, with ongoing respiratory acidosis, adaptation or compensatory mechanisms won't be able to opposite such condition.
Below 1%There are few research of the well being results of long-term steady CO2 publicity on humans and animals at ranges below 1%. Occupational CO2 publicity limits have been set in the United States at 0.5% (5000 ppm) for an eight-hour period.[140] At this CO2 focus, International Space Station workforce skilled complications, lethargy, mental slowness, emotional inflammation, and sleep disruption.[141] Studies in animals at 0.5% CO2 have demonstrated kidney calcification and bone loss after 8 weeks of exposure.[142] A learn about of humans exposed in 2.Five hour classes demonstrated vital side effects on cognitive skills at concentrations as low as 0.1% (1000 ppm) CO2 likely due to CO2 brought about will increase in cerebral blood go with the flow.[138] Another study seen a decline in fundamental activity point and data utilization at One thousand ppm, when compared to 500 ppm.[139]
Ventilation CO2 focus meter the use of a nondispersive infrared sensorPoor air flow is one of the principle causes of over the top CO2 concentrations in closed areas. Carbon dioxide differential above outdoor concentrations at stable state conditions (when the occupancy and ventilation gadget operation are sufficiently lengthy that CO2 concentration has stabilized) are sometimes used to estimate air flow rates per individual. Higher CO2 concentrations are associated with occupant health, comfort and efficiency degradation.[143][144]ASHRAE Standard 62.1–2007 air flow rates would possibly lead to indoor concentrations as much as 2,100 ppm above ambient outside conditions. Thus if the out of doors concentration is 400 ppm, indoor concentrations may achieve 2,500 ppm with air flow rates that meet this trade consensus usual. Concentrations in poorly ventilated areas can also be found even higher than this (vary of 3,000 or 4,000).
Miners, who're particularly susceptible to gas exposure because of insufficient ventilation, referred to mixtures of carbon dioxide and nitrogen as "blackdamp," "choke damp" or "stythe." Before simpler technologies have been evolved, miners would steadily observe for unhealthy ranges of blackdamp and different gases in mine shafts via bringing a caged canary with them as they worked. The canary is extra sensitive to asphyxiant gases than people, and as it changed into subconscious would stop making a song and fall off its perch. The Davy lamp could also hit upon high ranges of blackdamp (which sinks, and collects close to the floor) by burning less brightly, while methane, any other suffocating gas and explosion risk, would make the lamp burn more brightly.
In February 2020, three other folks died from suffocation at a party in Moscow when dry ice (frozen CO2) used to be added to a swimming pool to chill it down.[145]
Human body structure Content Reference levels or averages for partial pressures of carbon dioxide (abbreviated pCO2) okPa mmHg Venous blood carbon dioxide 5.5–6.8 41–51[146]Alveolar pulmonarygas pressures 4.8 36 Arterial blood carbon dioxide 4.7–6.0 35–45[146]The body produces roughly 2.3 kilos (1.0 kg) of carbon dioxide in keeping with day consistent with person,[147] containing 0.63 pounds (290 g) of carbon. In humans, this carbon dioxide is carried during the venous system and is breathed out during the lungs, leading to decrease concentrations within the arteries. The carbon dioxide content of the blood is usally given as the partial pressure, which is the stress which carbon dioxide would have had if it on my own occupied the volume.[148] In people, the blood carbon dioxide contents is proven within the adjacent table:
Transport within the bloodCO2 is carried in blood in 3 different ways. (The precise percentages vary relying if it is arterial or venous blood).
Most of it (about 70% to 80%) is converted to bicarbonate ions HCO−Three through the enzyme carbonic anhydrase in the pink blood cells,[149] by the response CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 → H+ + HCO−3. 5–10% is dissolved within the plasma[149] 5–10% is sure to hemoglobin as carbamino compounds[149]Hemoglobin, the primary oxygen-carrying molecule in red blood cells, carries both oxygen and carbon dioxide. However, the CO2 bound to hemoglobin does now not bind to the same website as oxygen. Instead, it combines with the N-terminal teams at the four globin chains. However, because of allosteric effects at the hemoglobin molecule, the binding of CO2 decreases the volume of oxygen this is sure for a given partial stress of oxygen. This is known as the Haldane Effect, and is necessary within the shipping of carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs. Conversely, a upward push in the partial pressure of CO2 or a lower pH will purpose offloading of oxygen from hemoglobin, which is known as the Bohr effect.
Regulation of respiratoryCarbon dioxide is one of the mediators of native autoregulation of blood supply. If its focus is high, the capillaries amplify to permit a greater blood go with the flow to that tissue.
Bicarbonate ions are a very powerful for regulating blood pH. An individual's respiratory fee influences the extent of CO2 of their blood. Breathing this is too sluggish or shallow reasons breathing acidosis, whilst respiratory that is too speedy results in hyperventilation, which will reason breathing alkalosis.
Although the body requires oxygen for metabolism, low oxygen ranges in most cases don't stimulate respiratory. Rather, respiration is stimulated by means of upper carbon dioxide levels. As a end result, respiratory low-pressure air or a gas aggregate with no oxygen at all (corresponding to natural nitrogen) can lead to loss of consciousness without ever experiencing air hunger. This is particularly perilous for high-altitude fighter pilots. It may be why flight attendants instruct passengers, in case of loss of cabin stress, to use the oxygen mask to themselves first before serving to others; in a different way, one risks shedding awareness.[149]
The respiratory centers attempt to deal with an arterial CO2 strain of 40 mm Hg. With intentional hyperventilation, the CO2 content material of arterial blood could also be lowered to 10–20 mm Hg (the oxygen content material of the blood is little affected), and the respiration force is lowered. This is why one can dangle one's breath longer after hyperventilating than without hyperventilating. This carries the danger that unconsciousness might result ahead of the wish to breathe becomes overwhelming, which is why hyperventilation is particularly bad before free diving.
See also
Arterial blood gas Bosch response Bottled gas – Substances that are gaseous at same old temperature and strain and had been compressed and saved in gas cylinders Carbon dioxide removal – Removal of carbon dioxide within the surroundings (from the ambience) Carbon dioxide sensor Carbon sequestration – Capture and long-term garage of atmospheric carbon dioxide Cave of Dogs – Cave near Naples, Italy Emission requirements Indoor air quality – Air high quality within and round structures and structures Kaya identity – Identity relating to anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions Lake Kivu – Meromictic lake in the East African Rift valley List of least carbon environment friendly power stations List of countries via carbon dioxide emissions Meromictic lake – Permanently stratified lake with layers of water that do not intermix pCO2 – Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, usally utilized in reference to blood Gilbert Plass – Canadian physicist (early work on CO2 and climate trade) Sabatier reaction – Methanation procedure of carbon dioxide with hydrogen NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite – Earth statement satellite tv for pcReferences
^ a b c .mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .citation qquotes:"\"""\"""'""'".mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .quotation .cs1-lock-free abackground:linear-gradient(transparent,clear),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")appropriate 0.1em heart/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .quotation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .quotation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:linear-gradient(clear,clear),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")correct 0.1em heart/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:linear-gradient(clear,clear),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")appropriate 0.1em heart/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em heart/12px no-repeat.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolour:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errorshow:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintshow:none;colour:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em.mw-parser-output .quotation .mw-selflinkfont-weight:inherit"Carbon Dioxide" (PDF). Air Products. ^ Touloukian, Y.S., Liley, P.E., and Saxena, S.C. (1970). "Thermophysical properties of matter - the TPRC data series". Thermal conductivity - nonmetallic liquids and gases. Data e-book. 3.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors checklist (link) ^ Schäfer, Michael; Richter, Markus; Span, Roland (2015). "Measurements of the viscosity of carbon dioxide at temperatures from (253.15 to 473.15) K with pressures up to 1.2 MPa". The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics. 89: 7–15. doi:10.1016/j.jct.2015.04.015. ^ a b c NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0103". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). ^ "Carbon dioxide". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). ^ "Safety Data Sheet – Carbon Dioxide Gas – version 0.03 11/11" (PDF). AirGas.com. 12 February 2018. Retrieved 4 August 2018. ^ "Carbon dioxide, refrigerated liquid" (PDF). Praxair. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 July 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2018. ^ Eggleton, Tony (2013). A Short Introduction to Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. p. 52. ISBN 9781107618763. ^ Carbonated (Sparkling) Water: Good or Bad? healthline.com ^ Kaufman, Donald G.; Franz, Cecilia M. (1996). Biosphere 2000: protective our international surroundings. Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co. ISBN 978-0-7872-0460-0. ^ "Food Factories". www.legacyproject.org. Retrieved 10 October 2011. ^ Lénárd-István Csepei (2011). Kinetic studies of propane oxidation on Mo and V based blended oxide catalysts (PDF) (PHD thesis). Technical University of Berlin. ^ Amakawa, Kazuhiko; Kolen'ko, Yury V.; Villa, Alberto; Schuster, Manfred Erwin; Csepei, Lenard-Istvan; Weinberg, Gisela; Wrabetz, Sabine; Naumann d'Alnoncourt, Raoul; Girgsdies, Frank; Prati, Laura; Schloegl, Robert; Trunschke, Annette (2013). "Multifunctionality of Crystalline MoV(TeNb) M1 Oxide Catalysts in Selective Oxidation of Propane and Benzyl Alcohol". ACS Catalysis. 3 (6): 1103–1113. doi:10.1021/cs400010q. ^ Naumann d'Alnoncourt, Raoul; Csepei, Lénárd-István; Hävecker, Michael; Girgsdies, Frank; Schuster, Manfred E.; Schlögl, Robert; Trunschke, Annette (2014). "The reaction network in propane oxidation over phase-pure MoVTeNb M1 oxide catalysts" (PDF). Journal of Catalysis. 311: 369–385. doi:10.1016/j.jcat.2013.12.008. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0014-F434-5. Archived from the unique (PDF) on 15 February 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2017. ^ a b Tsotsas, Evangelos; Mujumdar, Arun S. (2011). Modern drying era. 3: Product quality and formula. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-3-527-31558-1. ^ Mikhail, M.; Wang, B.; Jalain, R.; Cavadias, S.; Tatoulian, M.; Ognier, S.; Gálvez, M. E.; Da Costa, P. (1 April 2019). "Plasma-catalytic hybrid process for CO2 methanation: optimization of operation parameters". Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis. 126 (2): 629–643. doi:10.1007/s11144-018-1508-8. S2CID 104301429. ^ "Catalysts for climate protection". 19 August 2019. ^ Voiry, Damien; Shin, Hyeon Suk; Loh, Kian Ping; Chhowalla, Manish (2018). "Low-dimensional catalysts for hydrogen evolution and CO2 reduction". Nature Reviews Chemistry. 2 (1): 0105. doi:10.1038/s41570-017-0105. ^ Gomez, Elaine; Yan, Binhang; Kattel, Shyam; Chen, Jingguang G. (10 September 2019). "Carbon dioxide reduction in tandem with light-alkane dehydrogenation". Nature Reviews Chemistry. 3 (11): 638–649. doi:10.1038/s41570-019-0128-9. S2CID 202159972. ^ Ocean Acidification: A National Strategy to Meet the Challenges of a Changing Ocean. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. 22 April 2010. doi:10.17226/12904. ISBN 978-0-309-15359-1. ^ DavidFraser Harris (September 1910). "The Pioneer in the Hygiene of Ventilation". The Lancet. 176 (4542): 906–908. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)52420-9. ^ Almqvist, Ebbe (2003). History of industrial gases. Springer. ISBN 978-0-306-47277-0. p. 93 ^ Priestley, Joseph; Hey, Wm (1772). "Observations on Different Kinds of Air". Philosophical Transactions. 62: 147–264. doi:10.1098/rstl.1772.0021. S2CID 186210131. ^ Davy, Humphry (1823). "On the Application of Liquids Formed by the Condensation of Gases as Mechanical Agents". Philosophical Transactions. 113: 199–205. doi:10.1098/rstl.1823.0020. JSTOR 107649. ^ Thilorier, Adrien-Jean-Pierre (1835). "Solidification de l'Acide carbonique". Comptes Rendus. 1: 194–196. ^ "Solidification of carbonic acid". The London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine. 8 (48): 446–447. 1836. doi:10.1080/14786443608648911. ^ a b Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8. ^ Atkins P. and de Paula J. Physical Chemistry (eighth ed., W.H. Freeman 2006) pp. 461, 464 ISBN 0-7167-8759-8 ^ Per Jensen; M. Spanner; P. R. Bunker (2020). "The CO2 molecule is never linear". J Mol Struct. 1212: 128087. doi:10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128087. hdl:2142/107329. ^ B. Siegmann; U. Werner; H. O. Lutz; R. Mann (2002). "Complete Coulomb fragmentation of CO2 in collisions with 5.9 MeV u−1 Xe18+ and Xe43+". J Phys B Atom Mol Opt Phys. 35 (17): 3755. doi:10.1088/0953-4075/35/17/311. ^ Jolly, William L., Modern Inorganic Chemistry (McGraw-Hill 1984), p. 196 ISBN 0-07-032760-2 ^ Li, Zhen; Mayer, Robert J.; Ofial, Armin R.; Mayr, Herbert (27 April 2020). "From Carbodiimides to Carbon Dioxide: Quantification of the Electrophilic Reactivities of Heteroallenes". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 142 (18): 8383–8402. doi:10.1021/jacs.0c01960. PMID 32338511. ^ Aresta, M. (Ed.) (2010) Carbon Dioxide as a Chemical Feedstock, Wiley-VCH: Weinheim. ISBN 978-3-527-32475-0 ^ Finn, Colin; Schnittger, Sorcha; Yellowlees, Lesley J.; Love, Jason B. (2012). "Molecular approaches to the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide" (PDF). Chemical Communications. 48 (10): 1392–1399. doi:10.1039/c1cc15393e. PMID 22116300. ^ "Gases - Densities". Engineering Toolbox. Retrieved 21 November 2020. ^ "Phase change data for Carbon dioxide". National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 21 January 2008. ^ Kudryavtseva I.V., Kamotskii V.I., Rykov S.V., Rykov V.A., "Calculation Carbon Dioxide Line of Phase Equilibrium", Processes and apparatus for meals manufacturing, Number 4(18), 2013 ^ Santoro, M.; Gorelli, FA; Bini, R; Ruocco, G; Scandolo, S; Crichton, WA (2006). "Amorphous silica-like carbon dioxide". Nature. 441 (7095): 857–860. Bibcode:2006Natur.441..857S. doi:10.1038/nature04879. PMID 16778885. S2CID 4363092. ^ a b Pierantozzi, Ronald (2001). "Carbon Dioxide". Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Wiley. doi:10.1002/0471238961.0301180216090518.a01.pub2. ISBN 978-0-471-23896-6. ^ Strassburger, Julius (1969). Blast Furnace Theory and Practice. New York: American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers. ISBN 978-0-677-10420-1. ^ Susan Topham "Carbon Dioxide" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a05_165 ^ "CO2 shortage: Food industry calls for government action". BBC. 21 June 2018. ^ "Collecting and using biogas from landfills". U.S. Energy Information Administration. 11 January 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2015. ^ "Facts About Landfill Gas" (PDF). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. January 2000. ^ "IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage" (PDF). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2015. ^ Morrison, R.T. and Boyd, R.N. (1983). Organic Chemistry (4th ed.). Allyn and Bacon. pp. 976–977. ISBN 978-0-205-05838-9.CS1 maint: a couple of names: authors record (link) ^ Badwal, Sukhvinder P. S.; Giddey, Sarbjit S.; Munnings, Christopher; Bhatt, Anand I.; Hollenkamp, Anthony F. (24 September 2014). "Emerging electrochemical energy conversion and storage technologies (open access)". Frontiers in Chemistry. 2: 79. Bibcode:2014FrCh....2...79B. doi:10.3389/fchem.2014.00079. PMC 4174133. PMID 25309898. ^ UK Food Standards Agency: "Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers". Retrieved 27 October 2011. ^ US Food and Drug Administration: "Food Additive Status List". Retrieved 13 June 2015. ^ Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code"Standard 1.2.4 – Labelling of ingredients". Retrieved 27 October 2011. ^ Futurific Leading Indicators Magazine. 1. CRAES LLC. ISBN 978-0-9847670-1-4. ^ Vijay, G. Padma (25 September 2015). Indian Breads: A Comprehensive Guide to Traditional and Innovative Indian Breads. Westland. ISBN 978-93-85724-46-6. ^ "Scientists Discover Protein Receptor For Carbonation Taste". ScienceDaily. 16 October 2009. Retrieved 29 March 2020. ^ Andy Coghlan (3 February 2018). "A more humane way of slaughtering chickens might get EU approval". New Scientist. ^ "What is CO2 stunning?". RSPCA. Archived from the unique on 9 April 2014. ^ a b Campbell, Archie (10 March 2018). "Humane execution and the fear of the tumbril". New Scientist. ^ Nordestgaard, B.G.; Rostgaard, J. (1985). "Critical‐point drying versus freeze drying for scanning electron microscopy: a quantitative and qualitative study on isolated hepatocytes". Journal of Microscopy. 137 (2): 189–207. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1985.tb02577.x. PMID 3989858. S2CID 32065173. ^ National Fire Protection Association Code 12 ^ Carbon Dioxide as a Fire Suppressant: Examining the Risks, US EPA. 2000. ^ Whiting, David; Roll, Michael; Vickerman, Larry (August 2010). "Plant Growth Factors: Photosynthesis, Respiration, and Transpiration". CMG LawnNotes. Colorado Master Gardener Program. Archived from the unique on 2 September 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2011. ^ Waggoner, Paul E. (February 1994). "Carbon dioxide". How Much Land Can Ten Billion People Spare for Nature?. Retrieved 10 October 2011. ^ Stafford, Ned (7 February 2007). "Future crops: The other greenhouse effect". Nature. 448 (7153): 526–528. Bibcode:2007Natur.448..526S. doi:10.1038/448526a. PMID 17671477. ^ "Appendix A: CO2 for use in enhanced oil recovery (EOR)". Accelerating the uptake of CCS: commercial use of captured carbon dioxide. Global CCS Institute. 20 December 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2017. ^ Austell, J Michael (2005). "CO2 for Enhanced Oil Recovery Needs – Enhanced Fiscal Incentives". Exploration & Production: The Oil & Gas Review. Archived from the original on 7 February 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2007. ^ "Enhanced coal bed methane recovery". ETH Zurich. 31 August 2006. Archived from the unique on 6 July 2011. ^ Clayton, Mark (11 January 2006). "Algae – like a breath mint for smokestacks". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 11 October 2007. ^ Atsum, Shota; Higashide, Wendy; Liauo, James C. (November 2009). "Direct photosynthetic recycling of carbon dioxide to isobutyraldehyde". Nature Biotechnology. 27 (12): 1177–1180. doi:10.1038/nbt.1586. PMID 19915552. S2CID 1492698. ^ "The Coca-Cola Company Announces Adoption of HFC-Free Insulation in Refrigeration Units to Combat Global Warming". The Coca-Cola Company. 5 June 2006. Retrieved 11 October 2007. ^ "Modine reinforces its CO2 research efforts". R744.com. 28 June 2007. Archived from the unique on 10 February 2008. ^ TCE, the Chemical Engineer. Institution of Chemical Engineers. 1990. ^ "2020 AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals" (PDF). Retrieved 22 August 2020. ^ "Monthly Average Mauna Loa CO2". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division. ^ Tans, Pieter (6 May 2019) "Annual CO2 mole fraction increase (ppm)" for 1959–2018. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division (further details.) ^ National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) – Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Trends in Carbon Dioxide: Globally averaged marine surface monthly mean knowledge Values given are dry air mole fractions expressed in portions in line with million (ppm). For a great gas mixture that is identical to portions in step with million through quantity (ppmv). ^ Pashley, Alex (10 March 2016). "CO2 levels make largest recorded annual leap, Noaa data shows". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 March 2016. ^ George, Okay.; Ziska, L.H.; Bunce, J.A.; Quebedeaux, B. (2007). "Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature across an urban–rural transect". Atmospheric Environment. 41 (35): 7654–7665. Bibcode:2007AtmEn..41.7654G. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.08.018. ^ Li, Anthony HF. "Hopes of Limiting Global Warming? China and the Paris Agreement on Climate Change." China Perspectives 1 (2016): 49. ^ a b "The NOAA Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI) - An Introduction". NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory/Earth System Research Laboratories. Retrieved 18 December 2020. ^ a b Friedlingstein, P., Jones, M., O'Sullivan, M., Andrew, R., Hauck, J., Peters, G., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Sitch, S., Le Quéré, C. and Sixty six others (2019) "Global carbon budget 2019". Earth System Science Data, 11(4): 1783–1838. doi:10.5194/essd-11-1783-2019. ^ "Global Warming Frequently Asked Questions". Climate.gov. NOAA. Archived from the original on 11 January 2017. ^ Gerlach, T.M. (4 June 1991). "Present-day CO2 emissions from volcanoes". Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union. 72 (23): 249, 254–255. Bibcode:1991EOSTr..72..249.. doi:10.1029/90EO10192. ^ a b Buis, Alan; Ramsayer, Kate; Rasmussen, Carol (12 November 2015). "A breathing planet, off balance". NASA. Retrieved 13 November 2015. ^ a b Staff (12 November 2015). "Audio (66:01) – NASA News Conference – Carbon & Climate Telecon". NASA. Retrieved 12 November 2015. ^ a b St. Fleur, Nicholas (10 November 2015). "Atmospheric Greenhouse Gas Levels Hit Record, Report Says". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 November 2015. ^ a b Ritter, Karl (9 November 2015). "UK: In 1st, global temps average could be 1 degree C higher". Associated Press. Retrieved 11 November 2015. ^ Atkins, Peter; de Paula, Julio (2006). Atkins' Physical Chemistry (eighth ed.). W.H. Freeman. p. 462. ISBN 978-0-7167-8759-4. ^ UCAR (2012). "Carbon Dioxide Absorbs and Re-emits Infrared Radiation". UCAR Center for Science Education. Retrieved 9 September 2017. ^ David Archer (15 March 2005). "How long will global warming last?". RealClimate. Retrieved 5 March 2021. ^ Archer, David (2009). "Atmospheric lifetime of fossil fuel carbon dioxide". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 37 (1): 117–34. Bibcode:2009AREPS..37..117A. doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.031208.100206. ^ Joos, F., Roth, R., Fuglestvedt, J.D.; et al. (2013). "Carbon dioxide and climate impulse response functions for the computation of greenhouse gas metrics: A multi-model analysis". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 13 (5): 2793–2825. doi:10.5194/acpd-12-19799-2012.CS1 maint: a couple of names: authors record (link) ^ "Figure 8.SM.4" (PDF). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report. p. 8SM-16. ^ Genthon, G.; Barnola, J.M.; Raynaud, D.; Lorius, C.; Jouzel, J.; Barkov, N.I.; Korotkevich, Y.S.; Kotlyakov, V.M. (1987). "Vostok ice core: climatic response to CO2 and orbital forcing changes over the last climatic cycle". Nature. 329 (6138): 414–418. Bibcode:1987Natur.329..414G. doi:10.1038/329414a0. S2CID 4333499. ^ "Climate and CO2 in the Atmosphere". Retrieved 10 October 2007. ^ Berner, Robert A.; Kothavala, Zavareth (2001). "GEOCARB III: A revised model of atmospheric CO2 over Phanerozoic Time" (PDF). American Journal of Science. 301 (2): 182–204. Bibcode:2001AmJS..301..182B. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.393.582. doi:10.2475/ajs.301.2.182. Retrieved 15 February 2008. ^ van Gardingen, P.R.; Grace, J.; Jeffree, C.E.; Byari, S.H.; Miglietta, F.; Raschi, A.; Bettarini, I. (1997). "Long-term effects of enhanced CO2 concentrations on leaf gas exchange: research opportunities using CO2 springs". In Raschi, A.; Miglietta, F.; Tognetti, R.; van Gardingen, P.R. (eds.). Plant responses to elevated CO2: Evidence from herbal springs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 69–86. ISBN 978-0-521-58203-2. ^ Martini, M. (1997). "CO2 emissions in volcanic areas: case histories and hazards". In Raschi, A.; Miglietta, F.; Tognetti, R.; van Gardingen, P.R. (eds.). Plant responses to elevated CO2: Evidence from natural springs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 69–86. ISBN 978-0-521-58203-2. ^ Doney, Scott C.; Levine, Naomi M. (29 November 2006). "How Long Can the Ocean Slow Global Warming?". Oceanus. Retrieved 21 November 2007. ^ Nienhuis, S.; Palmer, A.; Harley, C. (2010). "Elevated CO2 affects shell dissolution rate but not calcification rate in a marine snail". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 277 (1693): 2553–2558. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.0206. PMC 2894921. PMID 20392726. ^ Gattuso, J.-P.; Frankignoulle, M.; Bourge, I.; Romaine, S. & Buddemeier, R.W. (1998). "Effect of calcium carbonate saturation of seawater on coral calcification". Global and Planetary Change. 18 (1–2): 37–46. Bibcode:1998GPC....18...37G. doi:10.1016/S0921-8181(98)00035-6. ^ Gattuso, J.-P.; Allemand, D.; Frankignoulle, M (1999). "Photosynthesis and calcification at cellular, organismal and community levels in coral reefs: a review on interactions and control by carbonate chemistry". American Zoologist. 39: 160–183. doi:10.1093/icb/39.1.160. ^ Langdon, C; Atkinson, M. J. (2005). "Effect of elevated pCO2 on photosynthesis and calcification of corals and interactions with seasonal change in temperature/irradiance and nutrient enrichment". Journal of Geophysical Research. 110 (C09S07): C09S07. Bibcode:2005JGRC..110.9S07L. doi:10.1029/2004JC002576. ^ Riebesell, Ulf; Zondervan, Ingrid; Rost, Björn; Tortell, Philippe D.; Zeebe, Richard E. & François M.M. Morel (2000). "Reduced calcification of marine plankton in response to increased atmospheric CO2" (PDF). Nature. 407 (6802): 364–367. Bibcode:2000Natur.407..364R. doi:10.1038/35030078. PMID 11014189. S2CID 4426501. ^ Zondervan, I.; Zeebe, R.E.; Rost, B.; Rieblesell, U. (2001). "Decreasing marine biogenic calcification: a negative feedback on rising atmospheric CO2" (PDF). Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 15 (2): 507–516. Bibcode:2001GBioC..15..507Z. doi:10.1029/2000GB001321. ^ Zondervan, I.; Rost, B.; Rieblesell, U. (2002). "Effect of CO2 concentration on the PIC/POC ratio in the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi grown under light limiting conditions and different day lengths" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 272 (1): 55–70. doi:10.1016/S0022-0981(02)00037-0. ^ Delille, B.; Harlay, J.; Zondervan, I.; Jacquet, S.; Chou, L.; Wollast, R.; Bellerby, R.G.J.; Frankignoulle, M.; Borges, A.V.; Riebesell, U.; Gattuso, J.-P. (2005). "Response of primary production and calcification to changes of pCO2 during experimental blooms of the coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi". Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 19 (2): GB2023. Bibcode:2005GBioC..19.2023D. doi:10.1029/2004GB002318. ^ Kuffner, I.B.; Andersson, A.J.; Jokiel, P.L.; Rodgers, Ok.S.; Mackenzie, F.T. (2007). "Decreased abundance of crustose coralline algae due to ocean acidification". Nature Geoscience. 1 (2): 114–117. Bibcode:2008NatGe...1..114K. doi:10.1038/ngeo100. ^ Phillips, Graham; Chris Branagan (13 September 2007). "Ocean Acidification – The BIG global warming story". ABC TV Science: Catalyst. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 18 September 2007. ^ Gazeau, F.; Quiblier, C.; Jansen, J.M.; Gattuso, J.-P.; Middelburg, J.J. & Heip, C.H.R. (2007). "Impact of elevated CO2 on shellfish calcification". Geophysical Research Letters. 34 (7): L07603. Bibcode:2007GeoRL..34.7603G. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.326.1630. doi:10.1029/2006GL028554. hdl:20.500.11755/a8941c6a-6d0b-43d5-ba0d-157a7aa05668. ^ Comeau, C.; Gorsky, G.; Jeffree, R.; Teyssié, J.-L.; Gattuso, J.-P. (2009). "Impact of ocean acidification on a key Arctic pelagic mollusc (Limacina helicina)". Biogeosciences. 6 (9): 1877–1882. Bibcode:2009BGeo....6.1877C. doi:10.5194/bg-6-1877-2009. ^ Duana, Zhenhao; Rui Sun (2003). "An improved model calculating CO2 solubility in pure water and aqueous NaCl solutions from 273 to 533 K and from 0 to 2000 bar". Chemical Geology. 193 (3–4): 257–271. Bibcode:2003ChGeo.193..257D. doi:10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00263-2. ^ Cai, W.-J.; Chen, L.; Chen, B.; Gao, Z.; et al. (2010). "Decrease in the CO2 Uptake Capacity in an Ice-Free Arctic Ocean Basin". Science. 329 (5991): 556–559. Bibcode:2010Sci...329..556C. doi:10.1126/science.1189338. PMID 20651119. S2CID 206526452. ^ Garrison, Tom (2004). Oceanography: An Invitation to Marine Science. Thomson Brooks. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-534-40887-9. ^ Ries, J.B.; Cohen, A.L.; McCorkle, D.C. (2009). "Marine calcifiers exhibit mixed responses to CO2-induced ocean acidification". Geology. 37 (12): 1131–1134. Bibcode:2009Geo....37.1131R. doi:10.1130/G30210A.1. ^ Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report, IPCC ^ "PMEL Ocean Acidification Home Page". Pmel.noaa.gov. Retrieved 14 January 2014. ^ Lupton, J.; Lilley, M.; Butterfield, D.; Evans, L.; Embley, R.; Olson, E.; Proskurowski, G.; Resing, J.; Roe, K.; Greene, R.; Lebon, G. (2004). "Liquid Carbon Dioxide Venting at the Champagne Hydrothermal Site, NW Eifuku Volcano, Mariana Arc". American Geophysical Union. Fall. Meeting (abstract #V43F–08): V43F–08. Bibcode:2004AGUFM.V43F..08L. ^ Fumio Inagaki (2006). "Microbial community in a sediment-hosted CO2 lake of the southern Okinawa Trough hydrothermal system". PNAS. 103 (38): 14164–14169. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10314164I. doi:10.1073/pnas.0606083103. PMC 1599929. PMID 16959888. Videos can be downloaded at Supporting Information. ^ Dhingra A, Portis AR, Daniell H (2004). "Enhanced translation of a chloroplast-expressed RbcS gene restores small subunit levels and photosynthesis in nuclear RbcS antisense plants". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 (16): 6315–6320. Bibcode:2004PNAS..101.6315D. doi:10.1073/pnas.0400981101. PMC 395966. PMID 15067115. (Rubisco) is essentially the most prevalent enzyme in the world, accounting for 30–50% of general soluble protein in the chloroplast; ^ G., Falkowski, Paul; H., Knoll, Andrew; (2006.01.), Symposium (1 January 2007). Evolution of primary producers in the sea. Elsevier, Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-370518-1. OCLC 845654016.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors checklist (link) ^ Blom, T.J.; W.A. Straver; F.J. Ingratta; Shalin Khosla; Wayne Brown (December 2002). "Carbon Dioxide In Greenhouses". Retrieved 12 June 2007. ^ Ainsworth, Elizabeth A. (2008). "Rice production in a changing climate: a meta-analysis of responses to elevated carbon dioxide and elevated ozone concentration" (PDF). Global Change Biology. 14 (7): 1642–1650. Bibcode:2008GCBio..14.1642A. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01594.x. Archived from the unique (PDF) on 19 July 2011. ^ Long, S.P.; Ainsworth, E.A.; Leakey, A.D.; Nösberger, J.; Ort, D.R. (2006). "Food for thought: lower-than-expected crop yield stimulation with rising CO2 concentrations" (PDF). Science. 312 (5782): 1918–1921. Bibcode:2006Sci...312.1918L. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.542.5784. doi:10.1126/science.1114722. PMID 16809532. S2CID 2232629. ^ F. Woodward; C. Kelly (1995). "The influence of CO2 concentration on stomatal density". New Phytologist. 131 (3): 311–327. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1995.tb03067.x. ^ Drake, Bert G.; Gonzalez-Meler, Miquel A.; Long, Steve P. (1997). "More efficient plants: A consequence of rising atmospheric CO2?". Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology. 48 (1): 609–639. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.609. PMID 15012276. S2CID 33415877. ^ Loladze, I (2002). "Rising atmospheric CO2 and human nutrition: toward globally imbalanced plant stoichiometry?". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 17 (10): 457–461. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(02)02587-9. ^ Carlos E. Coviella; John T. Trumble (1999). "Effects of Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide on Insect-Plant Interactions". Conservation Biology. 13 (4): 700–712. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98267.x. JSTOR 2641685. S2CID 52262618. ^ Davey, M.P.; Harmens, H.; Ashenden, T.W.; Edwards, R.; Baxter, R. (2007). "Species-specific effects of elevated CO2 on resource allocation in Plantago maritima and Armeria maritima". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 35 (3): 121–129. doi:10.1016/j.bse.2006.09.004. ^ Davey, M.; Bryant, D.N.; Cummins, I.; Ashenden, T.W.; Gates, P.; Baxter, R.; Edwards, R. (2004). "Effects of elevated CO2 on the vasculature and phenolic secondary metabolism of Plantago maritima". Phytochemistry. 65 (15): 2197–2204. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.06.016. PMID 15587703. ^ "Global Environment Division Greenhouse Gas Assessment Handbook – A Practical Guidance Document for the Assessment of Project-level Greenhouse Gas Emissions". World Bank. Archived from the original on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2007. ^ Luyssaert, Sebastiaan; Schulze, E.-Detlef; Börner, Annett; Knohl, Alexander; Hessenmöller, Dominik; Law, Beverly E.; Ciais, Philippe; Grace, John (2008). "Old-growth forests as global carbon sinks". Nature. 455 (7210): 213–215. Bibcode:2008Natur.455..213L. doi:10.1038/nature07276. PMID 18784722. S2CID 4424430. ^ Falkowski P, Scholes RJ, Boyle E, Canadell J, Canfield D, Elser J, Gruber N, Hibbard K, Högberg P, Linder S, Mackenzie FT, Moore B 3rd, Pedersen T, Rosenthal Y, Seitzinger S, Smetacek V, Steffen W (2000). "The global carbon cycle: a test of our knowledge of earth as a system". Science. 290 (5490): 291–296. Bibcode:2000Sci...290..291F. doi:10.1126/science.290.5490.291. PMID 11030643. S2CID 1779934. ^ a b Friedman, Daniel. Toxicity of Carbon Dioxide Gas Exposure, CO2 Poisoning Symptoms, Carbon Dioxide Exposure Limits, and Links to Toxic Gas Testing Procedures. InspectAPedia ^ "CarbonTracker CT2011_oi (Graphical map of CO2)". esrl.noaa.gov. ^ "Carbon Dioxide as a Fire Suppressant: Examining the Risks". U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from the unique on 2 October 2015. ^ Volcano Under the City. PBS.org (1 November 2005). ^ Glatte Jr H.A.; Motsay G.J.; Welch B.E. (1967). "Carbon Dioxide Tolerance Studies". Brooks AFB, TX School of Aerospace Medicine Technical Report. SAM-TR-67-77. Archived from the unique on 9 May 2008. Retrieved 2 May 2008. ^ Lambertsen, C.J. (1971). "Carbon Dioxide Tolerance and Toxicity". Environmental Biomedical Stress Data Center, Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center. IFEM. Report No. 2-71. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 2 May 2008. ^ a b Satish U.; Mendell M.J.; Shekhar Okay.; Hotchi T.; Sullivan D.; Streufert S.; Fisk W.J. (2012). "Is CO2 an Indoor Pollutant? Direct Effects of Low-to-Moderate CO2 Concentrations on Human Decision-Making Performance" (PDF). Environmental Health Perspectives. 120 (12): 1671–1677. doi:10.1289/ehp.1104789. PMC 3548274. PMID 23008272. Archived from the unique (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2014. ^ a b Joseph G. Allen; Piers MacNaughton; Usha Satish; Suresh Santanam; Jose Vallarino; John D. Spengler (2016). "Associations of Cognitive Function Scores with Carbon Dioxide, Ventilation, and Volatile Organic Compound Exposures in Office Workers: A Controlled Exposure Study of Green and Conventional Office Environments". Environmental Health Perspectives. 124 (6): 805–812. doi:10.1289/ehp.1510037. PMC 4892924. PMID 26502459. ^ "Exposure Limits for Carbon Dioxide Gas – CO2 Limits". InspectAPedia.com. ^ Law J.; Watkins S.; Alexander, D. (2010). "In-Flight Carbon Dioxide Exposures and Related Symptoms: Associations, Susceptibility and Operational Implications" (PDF). NASA Technical Report. TP–2010–216126. Archived from the unique (PDF) on 27 June 2011. Retrieved 26 August 2014. ^ Schaefer, K.E. (1979). "Effect of Prolonged Exposure to 0.5% CO2 on Kidney Calcification and Ultrastructure of Lungs". Undersea Biomed Res. S6: 155–161. PMID 505623. Retrieved 19 October 2014. ^ Allen Joseph G.; MacNaughton Piers; Satish Usha; Santanam Suresh; Vallarino Jose; Spengler John D. (1 June 2016). "Associations of Cognitive Function Scores with Carbon Dioxide, Ventilation, and Volatile Organic Compound Exposures in Office Workers: A Controlled Exposure Study of Green and Conventional Office Environments". Environmental Health Perspectives. 124 (6): 805–812. doi:10.1289/ehp.1510037. PMC 4892924. PMID 26502459. ^ Romm, Joe (26 October 2015). "Exclusive: Elevated CO2 Levels Directly Affect Human Cognition, New Harvard Study Shows". ThinkProgress. Retrieved 14 October 2019. ^ Didenko, Katerina (29 February 2020) Three die in dry-ice incident at Moscow pool celebration. BBC ^ a b "ABG (Arterial Blood Gas)". Brookside Associates. Retrieved 2 January 2017. ^ "How much carbon dioxide do humans contribute through breathing?". Archived from the unique on 2 February 2011. Retrieved 30 April 2009. ^ Charles Henrickson (2005). Chemistry. Cliffs Notes. ISBN 978-0-7645-7419-1. ^ a b c d "Carbon dioxide". solarnavigator.internet. Archived from the original on 14 September 2008. Retrieved 12 October 2007.Further studying
Seppänen, O.A.; Fisk, W.J.; Mendell, M.J. (December 1999). "Association of Ventilation Rates and CO2 Concentrations with Health and Other Responses in Commercial and Institutional Buildings" (PDF). Indoor Air. 9 (4): 226–252. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1999.00003.x. PMID 10649857. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 December 2016. Shendell, D.G.; Prill, R.; Fisk, W.J.; Apte, M.G.; Blake, D.; Faulkner, D. (October 2004). "Associations between classroom CO2 concentrations and student attendance in Washington and Idaho" (PDF). Indoor Air. 14 (5): 333–341. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2004.00251.x. hdl:2376/5954. PMID 15330793. Archived from the unique (PDF) on 27 December 2016. Soentgen, Jens (February 2014). "Hot air: The science and politics of CO2". Global Environment. 7 (1): 134–171. doi:10.3197/197337314X13927191904925. Good plant design and operation for onshore carbon seize installations and onshore pipelines: a really useful practice steering document. Global CCS Institute. Energy Institute and Global Carbon Capture and Storage Institute. 1 September 2010. Archived from the unique on 7 November 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2018. This new title is an crucial information for engineers, managers, procurement specialists and designers operating on global carbon capture and storage initiatives.External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carbon dioxide.Library resources about Carbon dioxide Resources to your library Resources in other libraries International Chemical Safety Card 0021 [1] by means of Amerigas. CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Carbon Dioxide CO2 Carbon Dioxide Properties, Uses, Applications Dry Ice data Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide (NOAA) "A War Gas That Saves Lives". Popular Science, June 1942, pp. 53–57. Reactions, Thermochemistry, Uses, and Function of Carbon Dioxide Carbon Dioxide – Part One and Carbon Dioxide – Part Two at The Periodic Table of Videos (University of Nottingham)vteOxidesMixed oxidation states Antimony tetroxide (Sb2O4) Cobalt(II,III) oxide (Co3O4) Lead(II,IV) oxide (Pb3O4) Manganese(II,III) oxide (Mn3O4) Iron(II,III) oxide (Fe3O4) Silver(I,III) oxide (Ag2O2) Triuranium octoxide (U3O8) Carbon suboxide (C3O2) Mellitic anhydride (C12O9) Praseodymium(III,IV) oxide (Pr6O11) Terbium(III,IV) oxide (Tb4O7) Dichlorine pentoxide (Cl2O5)+1 oxidation state Copper(I) oxide (Cu2O) Caesium oxide (Cs2O) Dicarbon monoxide (C2O) Dichlorine monoxide (Cl2O) Gallium(I) oxide (Ga2O) Lithium oxide (Li2O) Potassium oxide (K2O) Rubidium oxide (Rb2O) Silver oxide (Ag2O) Thallium(I) oxide (Tl2O) Sodium oxide (Na2O) Water (hydrogen oxide) (H2O)+2 oxidation state Aluminium(II) oxide (AlO) Barium oxide (BaO) Beryllium oxide (BeO) Cadmium oxide (CdO) Calcium oxide (CaO) Carbon monoxide (CO) Chromium(II) oxide (CrO) Cobalt(II) oxide (CoO) Copper(II) oxide (CuO) Dinitrogen dioxide (N2O2) Germanium monoxide (GeO) Iron(II) oxide (FeO) Lead(II) oxide (PbO) Magnesium oxide (MgO) Manganese(II) oxide (MnO) Mercury(II) oxide (HgO) Nickel(II) oxide (NiO) Nitric oxide (NO) Palladium(II) oxide (PdO) Silicon monoxide (SiO) Strontium oxide (SrO) Sulfur monoxide (SO) Disulfur dioxide (S2O2) Thorium monoxide (ThO) Tin(II) oxide (SnO) Titanium(II) oxide (TiO) Vanadium(II) oxide (VO) Zinc oxide (ZnO)+Three oxidation state Actinium(III) oxide (Ac2O3) Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) Antimony trioxide (Sb2O3) Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) Bismuth(III) oxide (Bi2O3) Boron trioxide (B2O3) Cerium(III) oxide (Ce2O3) Chromium(III) oxide (Cr2O3) Cobalt(III) oxide (Co2O3) Dinitrogen trioxide (N2O3) Dysprosium(III) oxide (Dy2O3) Erbium(III) oxide (Er2O3) Europium(III) oxide (Eu2O3) Gadolinium(III) oxide (Gd2O3) Gallium(III) oxide (Ga2O3) Holmium(III) oxide (Ho2O3) Indium(III) oxide (In2O3) Iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3) Lanthanum oxide (La2O3) Lutetium(III) oxide (Lu2O3) Manganese(III) oxide (Mn2O3) Neodymium(III) oxide (Nd2O3) Nickel(III) oxide (Ni2O3) Phosphorus monoxide (PO) Phosphorus trioxide (P4O6) Praseodymium(III) oxide (Pr2O3) Promethium(III) oxide (Pm2O3) Rhodium(III) oxide (Rh2O3) Samarium(III) oxide (Sm2O3) Scandium oxide (Sc2O3) Terbium(III) oxide (Tb2O3) Thallium(III) oxide (Tl2O3) Thulium(III) oxide (Tm2O3) Titanium(III) oxide (Ti2O3) Tungsten(III) oxide (W2O3) Vanadium(III) oxide (V2O3) Ytterbium(III) oxide (Yb2O3) Yttrium(III) oxide (Y2O3)+4 oxidation state Americium dioxide (AmO2) Carbon dioxide (CO2) Carbon trioxide (CO3) Cerium(IV) oxide (CeO2) Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) Chromium(IV) oxide (CrO2) Dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4) Germanium dioxide (GeO2) Hafnium(IV) oxide (HfO2) Lead dioxide (PbO2) Manganese dioxide (MnO2) Neptunium(IV) oxide (NpO2) Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) Osmium dioxide (OsO2) Plutonium(IV) oxide (PuO2) Praseodymium(IV) oxide (PrO2) Protactinium(IV) oxide (PaO2) Rhodium(IV) oxide (RhO2) Ruthenium(IV) oxide (RuO2) Selenium dioxide (SeO2) Silicon dioxide (SiO2) Sulfur dioxide (SO2) Tellurium dioxide (TeO2) Terbium(IV) oxide (TbO2) Thorium dioxide (ThO2) Tin dioxide (SnO2) Titanium dioxide (TiO2) Tungsten(IV) oxide (WO2) Uranium dioxide (UO2) Vanadium(IV) oxide (VO2) Zirconium dioxide (ZrO2)+5 oxidation state Antimony pentoxide (Sb2O5) Arsenic pentoxide (As2O5) Dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) Niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5) Phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) Protactinium(V) oxide (Pa2O5) Tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) Vanadium(V) oxide (V2O5)+6 oxidation state Chromium trioxide (CrO3) Molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) Rhenium trioxide (ReO3) Selenium trioxide (SeO3) Sulfur trioxide (SO3) Tellurium trioxide (TeO3) Tungsten trioxide (WO3) Uranium trioxide (UO3) Xenon trioxide (XeO3)+7 oxidation state Dichlorine heptoxide (Cl2O7) Manganese heptoxide (Mn2O7) Rhenium(VII) oxide (Re2O7) Technetium(VII) oxide (Tc2O7)+8 oxidation state Osmium tetroxide (OsO4) Ruthenium tetroxide (RuO4) Xenon tetroxide (XeO4) Iridium tetroxide (IrO4)Related Oxocarbon Suboxide Oxyanion Ozonide Peroxide Superoxide OxypnictideOxides are sorted by way of oxidation state. Category:Oxides vteOxocarbonsCommon oxides CO CO2Exotic oxides CO3 CO4 CO5 CO6 C2O C2O2 C2O3 C2O4 (1,2-Dioxetanedione and 1,3-Dioxetanedione) C3O C3O2 C3O3 C3O6 C4O2 C4O4 C4O6 C5O2 C5O5 C6O6 (Cyclohexanehexone and Ethylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride) C8O8 C9O9 C10O8 C10O10 C12O6 C12O9 C12O12Polymers Graphite oxide C3O2 CO CO2Compounds derived from oxides Metal carbonyls Carbonic acid Bicarbonates Carbonates Dicarbonates Tricarbonates vteInorganic compounds of carbon and related ionsCompounds CBr4 CCl4 CF CF4 CI4 CO CO2 CO3 CO4 CO5 CO6 COS CS CS2 CSe2 C3O2 C3S2 SiCCarbon ions Carbides [:C≡C:]2–, [::C::]4–, [:C=C=C:]4– Cyanides [:C≡N:]– Cyanates [:O-C≡N:]– Thiocyanates [:S-C≡N:]– Fulminates [:C≡N-O:]– Isothiocyanates [:C≡N-S:]–Oxides and comparable Oxides Nitrides Metal carbonyls Carbonic acid Bicarbonates Carbonates vteClimate changeOverview Attribution of contemporary climate exchange Effects of climate exchange Climate alternate mitigation Climate exchange adaptation By nation and regionCausesOverview Attribution of fresh climate change Greenhouse effect Scientific consensus on local weather changeSources Greenhouse gases Greenhouse gas emissions Fossil fuel Deforestation and local weather trade Land use, land-use change, and forestryHistory History of climate exchange science Svante Arrhenius James Hansen Charles David Keeling Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2019 2020 2021Effects and problemsPhysical Abrupt local weather alternate Anoxic match Arctic methane emissions Drought Ocean acidification Ozone depletion Physical impacts Retreat of glaciers since 1850 Tipping issues within the climate machine Sea level upward thrust Season creep Shutdown of thermohaline circulationFlora and fauna Effects on Ecosystems Mass mortality match Invasive species Effects on plant biodiversity Effects on marine life Effects on marine mammals Effects on terrestrial animals Extinction risk from local weather trade Forest diebackSociety Effects on Agriculture Climate alternate and cities Ecosystem change Climate change and gender Climate trade and poverty Climate vulnerability Economics of climate alternate Effects on well being Effects on humans Human rights Indigenous peoples School strike for climate Environmental migrant Fisheries and local weather trade Industry and societyBy nation & area Regional effects of climate alternate Arctic Australia South Asia Middle East and North Africa Africa Caribbean European Union by means of particular person countrySociety and climate changeGeneral Politics (Climate movement Public opinion Public opinion through nation Climate emergency declaration Denial (comfortable denial)) Climate communique (Media coverage Climate trade schooling Climate disaster (time period) Warming stripes pop culture) Climate ethics Climate alternate litigation Climate justiceInternational agreements United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Kyoto Protocol Paris AgreementMitigationEconomics and finance Carbon credit score Carbon offset Carbon tax Climate debt Climate possibility Climate risk insurance coverage Climate finance Fossil gas divestment Emissions buying and selling Low-carbon economyEnergy Sustainable energy Low-carbon energy Renewable energy Nuclear energy Carbon seize and storage Energy transitionPersonal Individual motion on climate trade Carbon neutralityOther Blue carbon Carbon dioxide elimination Climate trade mitigation situations Climate engineering Nature-based solutions Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation ReforestationBackground and conceptMeasurements Satellite measurementsTheory Albedo Carbon sink Climate variability and alternate Climate sensitivity Cloud forcing Feedbacks Earth's calories price range Effective temperature Global warming attainable Illustrative type of greenhouse effect on climate alternate Radiative forcingResearch Paleoclimatology Paleotempestology Climate fashion Climate alternate portal Glossary Index Category vteMolecules detected in outer areaMoleculesDiatomic Aluminium monochloride Aluminium monofluoride Aluminium(II) oxide Argonium Cyapho radical Carbon monosulfide Carbon monoxide Cyano radical Diatomic carbon Fluoromethylidynium Helium hydride ion Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen (molecular) Hydroxyl radical Iron(II) oxide Magnesium monohydride Methylidyne radical Nitric oxide Nitrogen (molecular) Imidogen Sulfur mononitride Oxygen (molecular) Phosphorus monoxide phosphorus mononitride Potassium chloride Silicon carbide Silicon monoxide Silicon monosulfide Sodium chloride Sodium iodide Sulfur monohydride Sulfur monoxide Titanium(II) oxideTriatomic Aluminium(I) hydroxide Aluminium isocyanide Amino radical Carbon dioxide Carbonyl sulfide CCP radical Chloronium Diazenylium Dicarbon monoxide Disilicon carbide Ethynyl radical Formyl radical Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) Hydrogen isocyanide (HNC) Hydrogen sulfide Hydroperoxyl Iron cyanide Isoformyl Magnesium cyanide Magnesium isocyanide Methylene radical N2H+ Nitrous oxide Nitroxyl Ozone Phosphaethyne Potassium cyanide Protonated molecular hydrogen Sodium cyanide Sodium hydroxide Silicon carbonitride c-Silicon dicarbide SiNC Sulfur dioxide Thioformyl Thioxoethenylidene Titanium dioxide Tricarbon WaterFouratoms Acetylene Ammonia Cyanic acid Cyanoethynyl Cyclopropynylidyne Formaldehyde Fulminic acid HCCN Hydrogen peroxide Hydromagnesium isocyanide Isocyanic acid Isothiocyanic acid Ketenyl Methylene amidogen Methyl radical Propynylidyne Protonated carbon dioxide Protonated hydrogen cyanide Silicon tricarbide Thioformaldehyde Tricarbon monoxide Tricarbon monosulfide Thiocyanic acidFiveatoms Ammonium ion Butadiynyl Carbodiimide Cyanamide Cyanoacetylene Cyanoformaldehyde Cyanomethyl Cyclopropenylidene Formic acid Isocyanoacetylene Ketene Methane Methoxy radical Methylenimine Propadienylidene Protonated formaldehyde Protonated formaldehyde Silane Silicon-carbide clusterSixatoms Acetonitrile Cyanobutadiynyl radical E-Cyanomethanimine Cyclopropenone Diacetylene Ethylene Formamide HC4N Ketenimine Methanethiol Methanol Methyl isocyanide Pentynylidyne Propynal Protonated cyanoacetyleneSevenatoms Acetaldehyde Acrylonitrile Vinyl cyanide Cyanodiacetylene Ethylene oxide Glycolonitrile Hexatriynyl radical Methylacetylene Methylamine Methyl isocyanate Vinyl alcoholEightatoms Acetic acid Aminoacetonitrile Cyanoallene Ethanimine Glycolaldehyde Heptatrienyl radical Hexapentaenylidene Methylcyanoacetylene Methyl formate PropenalNineatoms Acetamide Cyanohexatriyne Cyanotriacetylene Dimethyl ether Ethanol Methyldiacetylene Octatetraynyl radical Propene PropionitrileTenatomsor more Acetone Benzene Benzonitrile Buckminsterfullerene (C60, C60+, fullerene, buckyball) C70 fullerene Cyanodecapentayne Cyanopentaacetylene Cyanotetra-acetylene Ethylene glycol Ethyl formate Methyl acetate Methyl-cyano-diacetylene Methyltriacetylene Propanal n-Propyl cyanide PyrimidineDeuteratedmolecules Ammonia Ammonium ion Formaldehyde Formyl radical Heavy water Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen deuteride Hydrogen isocyanide Methylacetylene N2D+ Trihydrogen cationUnconfirmed Anthracene Dihydroxyacetone Ethyl methyl ether Glycine Graphene Hemolithin (most likely 1st extraterrestrial protein discovered) H2NCO+ Linear C5 Naphthalene cation Phosphine Pyrene SilylidineRelated Abiogenesis Astrobiology Astrochemistry Atomic and molecular astrophysics Chemical formulation Circumstellar envelope Cosmic mud Cosmic ray Cosmochemistry Diffuse interstellar band Earliest identified existence bureaucracy Extraterrestrial existence Extraterrestrial liquid water Forbidden mechanism Homochirality Intergalactic dust Interplanetary medium Interstellar medium Photodissociation area Iron–sulfur world concept Kerogen Molecules in stars Nexus for Exoplanet System Science Organic compound Outer space PAH world hypothesis Panspermia Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) RNA international hypothesis Spectroscopy Tholin Category:Astrochemistry Astronomy portal Chemistry portal Authority control GND: 4031648-8 LCCN: sh85020108 MA: 530467964 NDL: 00568539 vteOxygen compounds AgO Al2O3 AmO2 Am2O3 As2O3 As2O5 Au2O3 B2O3 BaO BeO Bi2O3 BiO2 Bi2O5 BrO2 Br2O3 Br2O5 CO CO2 C2O3 CaO CaO2 CdO CeO2 Ce3O4 Ce2O3 ClO2 Cl2O Cl2O2 Cl2O3 Cl2O4 Cl2O6 Cl2O7 CoO Co2O3 Co3O4 CrO3 Cr2O3 Cr2O5 Cr5O12 CsO2 Cs2O3 CuO D2O Dy2O3 Er2O3 Eu2O3 FeO Fe2O3 Fe3O4 Ga2O Ga2O3 GeO GeO2 H2O 2H2O 3H2O H218O H2O2 HfO2 HgO Hg2O Ho2O3 I2O4 I2O5 I2O6 I4O9 In2O3 IrO2 KO2 K2O2 La2O3 Li2O Li2O2 Lu2O3 MgO Mg2O3 MnO MnO2 Mn2O3 Mn2O7 MoO2 MoO3 Mo2O3 NO NO2 N2O N2O3 N2O4 N2O5 NaO2 Na2O Na2O2 NbO NbO2 Nd2O3 OF2 O2F2 O3F2 O4F2 O2PtF6 extra...Chemical formulas Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbon_dioxide&oldid=1016070210"
Lakhmir Singh Chemistry Class 10 Solutions For Chapter 2 Acids, Bases And Salts - Free PDF
Emissions From The Cement Industry
Lime – A Time-tested Chemical — Science Learning Hub
Solidia Has A Way To Make Cement That Absorbs Greenhouse Gases Instead Of Emitting Them — Quartz
Chemical Reactions - Chemistry Encyclopedia - Water, Elements, Metal, Gas, Number, Salt, Molecule
H ./ ./ ./ ./ ./ ./ ./ ./ ./ ./ ./ ./ H ./ ./ ./ ./ ./ ./ ./ ./ ./
Lakhmir Singh Chemistry Class 10 Solutions For Chapter 1 Chemical Reactions And Equations - Free PDF
KCS ChemistryActivity 4 Packet
CaCO3(s) → ← CaO(s) + CO2(g) When Heated, Calcium Carbonate Decomposes According To The Equation Above. In A Study Of The
PDF) The Effect Of Impurities On The Calcination Behaviour Of CaCO3 Nuggets
Chapter 7 An Introduction To Chemical Reactions
KCS ChemistryActivity 4 Packet
Lakhmir Singh Chemistry Class 10 Solutions For Chapter 1 Chemical Reactions And Equations - Free PDF
Untitled
Calcium Carbonate - Wikipedia
Chemical Reactions - Chemistry Encyclopedia - Water, Elements, Metal, Gas, Number, Salt, Molecule
0 comments:
Post a Comment